D. V. Savatin, S. Ferrari, F. Sicilia, D. Lorenzo, and G. , Oligogalacturonide-auxin antagonism does not require posttranscriptional gene silencing or stabilization of auxin response repressors in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol, vol.157, issue.3, pp.1163-74, 2011.

H. V. Scheller, J. K. Jensen, S. O. Sørensena, J. Harholt, and N. Geshi, Biosynthesis of pectin, Physiol. Plant, vol.129, pp.283-295, 2007.

H. V. Scheller and P. Ulvskov, Hemicelluloses, Annu Rev Plant Biol, vol.61, pp.263-89, 2010.

C. J. Schultz, K. L. Johnson, G. Currie, and A. Bacic, The classical arabinogalactan protein gene family of Arabidopsis, Plant Cell, vol.12, pp.1751-1768, 2000.

C. J. Schultz, M. P. Rumsewicz, K. L. Johnson, B. J. Jones, Y. M. Gaspar et al., Using genomic resources to guide research directions. The arabinogalactan protein gene family as a test case, Plant Physiol, vol.129, pp.1448-1463, 2002.

G. J. Seifert, Nucleotide sugar interconversions and cell wall biosynthesis: how to bring the inside . to the outside, Curr.Opin.Plant Biol, vol.7, pp.277-284, 2004.

G. J. Seifert and K. Roberts, The biology of arabinogalactan proteins, Annu Rev Plant Biol, vol.58, pp.137-61, 2007.

M. D. Serpe and E. A. Nothnagel, Effects of Yariv phenylglycosides on rosa cell-suspensionsevidence for the involvement of arabinogalactan-proteins in cell proliferation, Planta, vol.193, pp.542-550, 1994.

A. M. Showalter, Arabinogalactan proteins: structure, expression and function, Cell. Mol. Life Sci, vol.58, pp.1399-1417, 2001.

L. G. Smith, Plant cell division : building walls in the right places, Molecular Cell Biology, vol.2, pp.33-39, 2001.

C. Søgaard, A. Stenbaek, S. Bernard, M. Hadi, A. Driouich et al., GO-PROMTO illuminates protein membrane topologies of glycan biosynthetic enzymes in the Golgi apparatus of living tissues, PLoS One, vol.7, issue.2, p.31324, 2012.

I. Sparkes, J. Runions, C. Hawes, and L. Griffing, Movement and remodeling of the endoplasmic reticulum in nondividing cells of tobacco leaves, Plant Cell, vol.21, issue.12, pp.3937-3986, 2009.

I. Sparkes and F. Brandizzi, Fluorescent protein-based technologies: shedding new light on the plant endomembrane system, Plant J, vol.70, issue.1, pp.96-107, 2012.

M. D. Spiro, B. L. Ridley, S. Eberhard, K. A. Kates, Y. Mathieu et al., Biological activity of reducing-end-derivatized oligogalacturonides in tobacco tissue cultures, Plant Physiol, vol.116, issue.4, pp.1289-98, 1998.

M. D. Spiro, J. F. Bowers, and D. J. Cosgrove, A comparison of oligogalacturonide and auxin-induced extracellular alkalinization and growth responses in roots of intact cucumber seedlings, Plant Physiol, vol.130, pp.895-903, 2002.

L. A. Staehelin, T. H. Giddings, . Jr, J. Z. Kiss, and F. D. Sack, Macromolecular differentiation of Golgi stacks in root tips of Arabidopsis and Nicotiana seedlings as visualized in high pressure frozen and freeze-substituted samples, Protoplasma, vol.157, pp.75-91, 1990.

L. A. Staehelin and I. Moore, The plant Golgi apparatus: Structure functional organization and trafficking mechanisms, vol.46, pp.261-288, 1995.

J. F. Thibault, C. M. Renard, M. Axelos, P. Roger, and M. J. Crépeau, Studies of the length of homogalacturonic regions in pectins by acid hydrolysis, Carbohy Res, vol.238, pp.271-286, 1993.

J. Vacheron, G. Desbrosses, M. L. Bouffaud, B. Touraine, Y. Moënne-loccoz et al., Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and root system functioning, Front Plant Sci, vol.4, p.56, 2013.

R. Vanholme, K. Morreel, C. Darrah, P. Oyarce, J. H. Grabber et al., Metabolic engineering of novel lignin in biomass crops, New Phytol, vol.196, issue.4, pp.978-1000, 2012.

G. F. Vanzin, M. Madson, N. C. Carpita, N. V. Raikhel, K. Keegstra et al., The mur2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacks fucosylated xyloglucan because of a lesion in fucosyltransferase AtFUT1, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A, vol.99, pp.3340-3345, 2002.

Y. Verhertbruggen, S. E. Marcus, A. Haeger, R. Verhoef, H. A. Schols et al., Developmental complexity of arabinan polysaccharides and their processing in plant cell walls, Plant J, vol.59, issue.3, pp.413-438, 2009.

J. A. Verica, L. Chae, H. Y. Tong, P. Ingmire, and Z. H. He, Tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression of a cluster of tandemly arrayed cellwall-associated kinase-like kinase genes in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol, vol.133, pp.1732-1746, 2003.

M. Vicré, A. Jauneau, J. P. Knox, and A. Driouich, Immunolocalization of ?-(1?4) and ?-(1?6)-Dgalactan epitopes in the cell wall and Golgi stacks of developing flax root tissues, Protoplasma, vol.203, pp.26-34, 1998.

M. Vicré, C. Santaella, S. Blanchet, A. Gateau, and A. Driouich, Root border-like cells of Arabidopsis, microscopical characterization and role in the interaction with rhizobacteria, Plant Physiol, vol.138, pp.998-1008, 2005.

C. Viotti, J. Bubeck, Y. D. Stierhof, M. Krebs, M. Langhans et al., Endocytic and secretory traffic in Arabidopsis merge in the trans-Golgi network/early endosome, an independent and highly dynamic organelle, PlantCell, vol.22, pp.1344-1357, 2010.

N. Von-wirén, V. Römheld, T. Shioiri, and H. Marschner, Competition between microorganisms and roots of barley and sorghum for iron accumulated in the root apoplasm, New Phytol, vol.130, pp.511-521, 1995.

D. R. Walters, J. Ratsep, and N. D. Havis, Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: challenges for the future, J Exp Bot, vol.64, issue.5, pp.1263-80, 2013.

F. Wen, H. D. Vanetten, G. Tsaprailis, and M. C. Hawes, Extracellular proteins in pea root tip and border cell exudates, Plant Physiol, vol.143, pp.773-783, 2007.

F. Wen, G. J. White, H. D. Vanetten, Z. Xiong, and M. C. Hawes, Extracellular DNA is required for root tip resistance to fungal infection, Plant Physiol, vol.151, pp.820-829, 2009.

F. Wen, G. J. White, Z. Xiong, H. D. Vanetten, and M. C. Hawes, Extracellular DNA is required for root tip resistance to fungal infection, Plant Physiol, vol.151, pp.820-829, 2009.

W. Willats, S. E. Marcus, and J. P. Knox, Generation of a monoclonal antibody specific to (1-5)-?-L-arabinan, Carbohydr.Res, vol.308, pp.149-162, 1998.

N. Worden, E. Park, and G. J. Drakakaki, Trans-Golgi network: an intersection of trafficking cell wall components, Integr Plant Biol, vol.54, issue.11, pp.875-86, 2012.

F. Xie, A. Williams, A. Edwards, and J. A. Downie, A plant arabinogalactan-like glycoprotein promotes a novel type of polar surface attachment by Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mol Plant Microbe Interact, vol.25, issue.2, pp.250-258, 2012.

Y. Yamaguchi and A. Huffaker, Endogenous peptide elicitors in higher plants, Curr Opin Plant Biol, vol.14, issue.4, pp.351-358, 2011.

D. Yang, O. Chertov, S. N. Bykovskaia, Q. Chen, M. J. Buffo et al., Beta-defensins : linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6, Science, vol.286, pp.525-528, 1999.

D. Yang, A. Biragyn, L. W. Kwak, and J. J. Oppenheim, Mammalian defensins in immunity : more than just microbicidal, Trends Immunol, vol.23, pp.291-296, 2002.

J. Yariv, H. Lis, and E. Katchalski, Precipitation of arabic acid and some seed polysaccharides by glycosylphenylazo dyes, Biochem. J, vol.105, pp.1-2, 1967.

G. F. Zhang and L. A. Staehelin, Functional compartmentation of the Golgi apparatus of plant cells: immunocytochemical analysis of highpressure frozen-and freeze-substituted sycamore maple suspension culture cells, Plant Physiol, vol.99, pp.1070-1083, 1992.

, DISCUSSION (1690 words)

, Structural heterogeneity of RG-I in Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 suspension-cultured cells

. Schols, AG side chains are often defined in the literature as (1?4)-?-D-galactan, which may be branched at O-3 with ?-L-Araf or arabinan, named type I AG; and (1?3)-?-D-galactan branched at O-6 with galactan or arabinogalactan, terminated by ?-L-Araf, named type II AG. Sometimes, (1?3)-?-L-Araf-moieties, and other sugars such as Glc, Rha, and GlcUA can also be found in AG side chains. Here, we found 14% of (1?4)-?-D-galactan side chain substituted at O-6, but we could not detect any substitution at O-3. Therefore, it seems that, in tobacco BY-2 suspension-cultured cells, RG-I does not contain type I AG in its side chains. However, an O-6 substitution in (1?4)-?-D-galactan side chain by ?-D-GlcUA and 4-O-methyl-?-D-GlcUA in RG-I of sycamore suspension cells has been described, Monosaccharide and linkage analyses combined with immunocytochemical labelling showed that RG-I in tobacco BY-2 suspension-cultured cells is composed of a backbone consisting of (4-?-D-GalUAp1? 2-?-L-Rhap1) repeating unit where 50% of the rhamnosyl residues are substituted with arabinan, arabinogalactan and/or galactan side chains. Arabinan side chains are composed of (1?5)-?-Larabinan chain branched at 40% with arabinose residues and/or short (1?5)-?-L-arabinan and/or short (1?3)-?-L-arabinan at O-3, as we detected 5-Araf, 3-Araf, 3,5-Araf and T-Araf in the RG-Ienriched fraction. Branched arabinans are common RG-I side chains already described in plants including apple, 1990.

P. Albersheim, A. G. Darvill, M. A. O'neill, H. A. Schols, and A. Voragen, An hypothesis: the same six polysaccharides are components of the primary cell walls of all higher plants, Pectins and Pectinases, pp.47-53, 1996.

J. An, M. A. Neill, P. Albersheim, and A. G. Darvill, Isolation and structural characterization of beta-Dglucosyluronic acid and 4-O-methyl beta-D-glucosyluronic acid-containing oligosaccharides from the cell-wall pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan I, Carbohydr Res, vol.252, pp.235-278, 1994.

M. A. Atmodjo, Z. Hao, and D. Mohnen, Evolving views of pectin biosynthesis, Annu Rev Plant Biol, vol.64, pp.747-79, 2013.

M. A. Atmodjo, Y. Sakuragi, X. Zhu, A. J. Burrell, S. S. Mohanty et al., Galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT)1 and GAUT7 are the core of a plant cell wall pectin biosynthetic homogalacturonan: galacturonosyltransferase complex, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.108, issue.50, pp.20225-20255, 2011.

T. C. Baldwin, M. G. Handford, M. I. Yuseff, A. Orellana, and P. Dupree, Identification and characterization of GONST1, a golgi-localized GDP-mannose transporter in Arabidopsis, Plant Cell, vol.13, issue.10, pp.2283-95, 2001.

L. S. Brickell and J. Reid, Biosynthesis in vitro of pectic (1-4)-beta-D-galactan. In: Visser J (ed) Pectins and pectinases, pp.127-134, 1996.

E. G. Burget, R. Verma, M. Mølhøj, and W. D. Reiter, The biosynthesis of L-arabinose in plants: molecular cloning and characterization of a Golgi-localized UDP-D-xylose 4-epimerase encoded by the MUR4 gene of Arabidopsis, Plant Cell, vol.15, issue.2, pp.523-554, 2003.

E. G. Burget and W. D. Reiter, The mur4 mutant of arabidopsis is partially defective in the de novo synthesis of uridine diphospho L-arabinose, Plant Physiol, vol.121, issue.2, pp.383-392, 1999.

K. H. Caffall and D. Mohnen, The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides, Carbohydrate Research, vol.344, pp.1879-1900, 2009.

L. Chevalier, S. Bernard, Y. Ramdani, R. Lamour, M. Bardor et al., Subcompartment localization of the side chain xyloglucan-synthesizing enzymes within Golgi stacks of tobacco suspension-cultured cells, Plant J, vol.64, pp.977-989, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01848389

Y. H. Chou, G. Pogorelko, and O. A. Zabotina, Xyloglucan xylosyltransferases XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5 and the glucan synthase CSLC4 form Golgi-localized multiprotein complexes, Plant Physiol, vol.159, issue.4, pp.1355-66, 2012.

I. Ciucanu and F. Kerek, A simple and rapid method for the permethylation of carbohydrates, Carbohydr. Res, vol.131, pp.209-217, 1984.

G. J. Coenen, E. J. Bakx, R. P. Verhoef, H. A. Schols, and A. Voragen, Identification of the connecting linkage between homo-or xylogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan type I, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.70, pp.224-235, 2007.

J. C. Cocuron, O. Lerouxel, G. Drakakaki, A. P. Alonso, A. H. Liepman et al., A gene from the cellulose synthase-like C family encodes a beta-1,4 glucan synthase, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.104, pp.8550-8555, 2007.

M. D. Curtis and U. Grossniklaus, A gateway cloning vector set for high-throughput functional analysis of genes in planta, Plant Physiol, vol.133, issue.2, pp.462-471, 2003.

F. Dardelle, A. Lehner, Y. Ramdani, M. Bardor, P. Lerouge et al., Biochemical and immunocytological characterizations of Arabidopsis pollen tube cell wall, Plant physiol, vol.153, pp.1563-1576, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01805112

J. K. Davis, Combining polysaccharide biosynthesis and transport in a single enzyme: dualfunction cell wall glycan synthases, Frontiers in plant science, vol.3, p.138, 2012.

I. J. Delgado, Z. Wang, A. De-rocher, K. Keegstra, and N. V. Raikhel, Cloning and Characterization of AtRGP11 -A Reversibly Autoglycosylated Arabidopsis Protein Implicated in Cell Wall Biosynthesis Plant Physiol, vol.116, pp.1339-1349, 1998.

D. Pino, V. , M. Busjle, C. Moreno, and S. , Oligomerization of the reversibly glycosylated polypeptide: its role during rice plant development and in the regulation of self-glycosylation, Protoplasma, vol.250, issue.1, pp.111-120, 2013.

D. Pino, V. Borán, M. Norambuena, L. González, M. Reyes et al., Complex formation regulates the glycosylation of the reversibly glycosylated polypeptide, Planta, vol.226, issue.2, pp.335-380, 2007.

K. S. Dhugga, S. C. Tiwari, and P. M. Ray, A reversibly glycosylated polypeptide (RGP1) possibly involved in plant cell wall synthesis: purification, gene cloning, and trans-Golgi localization, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.94, issue.14, pp.7679-84, 1997.

K. S. Dhugga, P. Ulvskov, S. R. Gallagher, and P. M. Ray, Plant polypeptides reversibly glycosylated by UDP-glucose. Possible components of Golgi beta-glucan synthase in pea cells, J Biol Chem, vol.266, issue.32, pp.21977-84, 1991.

A. Driouich, M. L. Follet-gueye, S. Bernard, S. Kousar, L. Chevalier et al., Golgi-mediated synthesis and secretion of matrix polysaccharides of the primary cell wall of higher plants, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.3, p.79, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00720301

A. Driouich, G. F. Zhang, and L. A. Staehelin, Effect of Brefeldin A on the structure of the golgi apparatus and on the synthesis and secretion of proteins and polysaccharides in sycamore maple suspension-cultured cells, Plant Physiol, vol.101, pp.1363-1373, 1993.

E. S. Akiyama, Y. Kato, and K. , A galactoglucomannan from cell walls of suspension cultured tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) cells Carbohydrate Research, vol.137, pp.173-181, 1985.

S. Eda, Y. Akiyama, and K. Kato, Methylation Analysis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides from Suspensioncultured Cells of Nicotiana tabacum Agric, Biol Chem, vol.47, issue.8, pp.1783-1789, 1983.

M. L. Follet-gueye, J. C. Mollet, M. Vicré-gibouin, S. Bernard, L. Chevalier et al., Immuno-Glyco-Imaging in Plant Cells:Localization of Cell Wall Carbohydrate Epitopes and Their Biosynthesizing Enzymes, Applications of Immunocytochemistry. Ed. Hesam Dehghani ISBN, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02052017

G. Freshour, R. P. Clay, M. S. Fuller, P. Albersheim, A. G. Darvill et al., Developmental and Tissue-Specific Structural Alterations of the Cell-Wall Polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana Roots, Plant Physiol, vol.110, issue.4, pp.1413-1429, 1996.

N. Geshi, P. M. Ulvskov, and P. , Solubilization of galactosyltransferase that synthesizes 1,4-bgalactan side chains in pectic rhamnogalacturonan, Physiologia Plantarum, vol.114, pp.540-548, 2002.

R. D. Gietz and R. A. Woods, Transformation of yeast by the liac/ss carrier dna/peg method, Methods in Enzymology, vol.350, pp.87-96, 2002.

F. Goubet and C. Morvan, Evidence for Several Galactan Synthases in Flax (Linum usitassimum L.) Suspension-Cultured Cells, Plant Cell Physiol, vol.34, issue.8, pp.1297-1303, 1993.

F. Guillemin, F. Guillon, E. Bonnin, M. F. Devaux, C. T. Knox et al., Distribution of pectic epitopes in cell walls of the sugar beet root, Planta, vol.222, issue.2, pp.355-71, 2005.

M. Handford, C. Rodríguez-furlán, L. Marchant, M. Segura, D. Gómez et al., Arabidopsis thaliana AtUTr7 encodes a golgi-localized UDPglucose/UDP-galactose transporter that affects lateral root emergence, Mol Plant, vol.5, issue.6, pp.1263-80, 2012.

J. Harholt, J. K. Jensen, Y. Verhertbruggen, C. Søgaard, S. Bernard et al., ARAD proteins associated with pectic Arabinan biosynthesis form complexes when transiently overexpressed in planta, Planta, vol.236, issue.1, pp.115-143, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01848274

J. Harholt, A. Suttangkakul, V. Scheller, and H. , Biosynthesis of pectin, Plant Physiol, vol.153, pp.384-395, 2010.

J. Harholt, J. K. Jensen, S. O. Sorensen, C. Orfila, and M. Pauly, ARABINAN DEFICIENT 1 is a putative arabinosyltransferase involved in biosynthesis of pectic arabinan in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol, vol.140, pp.49-58, 2006.

M. Huisman, L. P. Brüll, J. E. Thomas-oates, J. Haverkamp, H. A. Schols et al., The occurrence of internal (1-5)-linked arabinofuranose and arabinopyranose residues in arabinogalactan side chains from soybean pectic substances, Carbohydrate Research, vol.330, pp.103-114, 2001.

L. Jones, C. B. Seymour, and K. J. , Localization of Pectic Galactan in Tomato Cell Walls Using a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to (1 ?4)-?-D-Galactan Plant Physiol, vol.113, pp.1405-1412, 1997.

H. Kato, Y. Takeuchi, Y. Tsumuraya, Y. Hashimoto, H. Nakano et al., In vitro biosynthesis of galactans by membrane-bound galactosyltransferase from radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings, Planta, vol.217, issue.2, pp.271-82, 2003.

K. Keegstra and N. Raikhel, Plant glycosyltransferases, Curr Opin Plant Biol, vol.4, issue.3, pp.219-243, 2001.

J. P. Knox, Revealing the structural and functional diversity of plant cell walls, Curr Opin Plant Biol, vol.11, issue.3, pp.308-321, 2008.

T. Konishi, T. Kotake, and Y. Tsumuraya, Chain elongation of pectic ?(1,4)-galactan by a partially purified galactosyltransferase from soybean, Glycine max Merr.) hypocotyls Planta, vol.226, pp.571-579, 2007.

T. Konishi, T. Mitome, H. Hatsushika, M. Haque, A. Kotake et al., Biosynthesis of pectic galactan by membrane-bound galactosyltransferase from soybean, Glycine max Merr.) seedlings Planta, vol.218, pp.833-842, 2004.

K. J. Lee, V. Cornuault, I. W. Manfield, M. C. Ralet, P. Knox et al., Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) structural features in tobacco seed endosperm cell walls, Plant J, vol.75, issue.6, pp.1018-1045, 2013.

K. J. Lee, Y. Sakata, S. Mau, F. Pettolino, A. Bacic et al., Arabinogalactan-proteins are required for apical cell extension in the moss Physcomitrella patens, Plant Cell, vol.17, pp.3051-3065, 2005.

A. J. Liwanag, B. Ebert, Y. Verhertbruggen, E. A. Rennie, C. Rautengarten et al., Pectin biosynthesis: GALS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana is a ?-1,4-galactan ?-1,4-galactosyltransferase, Plant Cell, vol.24, issue.12, pp.5024-5060, 2012.

A. Macquet, M. Ralet, J. Kronenberger, A. Marion-poll, and H. M. North, In situ, chemical and macromolecular study of the composition of Arabidopsis thaliana seed coat mucilage, Plant Cell Physiol, vol.48, pp.984-999, 2007.

M. Susan, E. , V. Yves, H. Cécile, O. José et al., Pectic homogalacturonan masks abundant sets of xyloglucane epitopes in plant cell walls, BMC Plant Biology, vol.8, pp.60-72, 2008.

T. M. Mayhew, Quantifying immunogold localization on electron microscopic thin sections: a compendium of new approaches for plant cell biologists, J. Exp. Bot, vol.62, issue.12, pp.4101-4113, 2011.

T. M. Mayhew and J. M. Lucocq, Developments in cell biology for quantitative immunoelectron microscopy based on thin sections: a review Histochem, Cell Biol, vol.130, pp.299-313, 2008.

D. Mohnen, Pectin structure and biosynthesis, Curr.Opin.Plant Biol, vol.11, pp.266-277, 2008.

I. Moller, S. E. Marcus, A. Haeger, Y. Verhertbruggen, R. Verhoef et al., High-throughput screening of monoclonal antibodies against plant cell wall glycans by hierarchical clustering of their carbohydrate microarray binding profiles, Glycoconj. J, vol.25, pp.37-48, 2008.

J. P. Moore, E. Nguema-ona, C. L. Lindsey, G. G. Brandt, W. F. Lerouge et al., Response of the leaf cell wall to desiccation in the resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Plant Physiol, vol.141, issue.2, pp.651-62, 2006.

P. J. Moore, K. M. Swords, M. A. Lynch, and L. A. Staehelin, Spatial organization of the assembly pathways of glycoproteins and complex polysaccharides in the Golgi apparatus of plants, J. Cell Biol, vol.112, issue.4, pp.589-602, 1991.

M. Mori and K. Kato, An arabinoglucuronomannan from suspension-cultured cells of Nicotiana tabacum, Carbohydrate Research, vol.91, pp.49-58, 1981.

A. Nakamura, H. Furuta, H. Maeda, T. Takao, and Y. Nagamatsu, Analysis of the molecular construction of xylogalacturonan isolated from soluble soybean polysaccharides, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem, vol.66, pp.1155-1158, 2002.

A. Nebenführ, L. Gallagher, T. G. Dunahay, J. A. Frohlick, A. M. Mazurkiewicz et al., Stop-and-go movements of plant Golgi stacks are mediated by the actomyosin system, Plant Physiol, vol.121, pp.1127-1141, 1999.

E. Nguema-ona, C. Andeme-onzighi, S. Aboughe-angone, M. Bardor, T. Ishii et al., The reb1-1 mutation of Arabidopsis: Effect on the structure and the localization of galactose containing cell wall polysaccharides, Plant Physiol, vol.140, pp.1406-1417, 2006.

L. Norambuena, R. Nilo, M. Handford, F. Reyes, L. Marchant et al., AtUTr2 is an Arabidopsis thaliana nucleotide sugar transporter located in the Golgi apparatus capable of transporting UDP galactose, Planta, vol.222, pp.521-529, 2005.

J. Øbro, J. Harholt, H. V. Scheller, and C. Orfila, Rhamnogalacturonan I in Solanum tuberosum tubers contains complex arabinogalactan structures, Phytochemistry, vol.65, pp.1429-1438, 2004.

P. Obrdlik and M. El-bakkoury, K+ channel interactions detected by a genetic system optimized for systematic studies of membrane protein interactions, PNAS -USA, vol.101, issue.33, pp.12242-12247, 2004.

S. Pagny, . Bouissoniee´, F. Bouissoniee´, M. Sarkar, M. L. Follet-gueye et al., Structural requirements for Arabidopsis b1-2 xylosyltransferase activity and targeting to the Golgi, Plant J, vol.33, pp.189-203, 2003.

Z. A. Popper and S. C. Fry, Widespread occurrence of a covalent linkage between xyloglucan and acidic polysaccharides in suspension-cultured angiosperm cells, Annals of Botany, vol.96, pp.91-99, 2005.

M. C. Ralet, G. André-leroux, B. Quéméner, and J. F. Thibault, Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectins are covalently cross-linked through diferulic bridges in the cell wall, Phytochemistry, vol.66, pp.2800-2814, 2005.

M. C. Ralet, O. Tranquet, D. Poulain, A. Moïse, and F. Guillon, Monoclonal antibodies to rhamnogalacturonan I backbone, Planta, vol.231, issue.6, pp.1373-83, 2010.

C. Rautengarten and B. Ebert, The Interconversion of UDP-Arabinopyranose and UDPArabinofuranose Is Indispensable for Plant Development in Arabidopsis, The Plant Cell Online, vol.23, issue.4, pp.1373-1390, 2011.

W. D. Reiter, Biochemical genetics of nucleotide sugar interconversion reactions, Curr Opin Plant Biol, vol.11, issue.3, pp.236-279, 2008.

F. Reyes and A. Orellana, Golgi transporters: opening the gate to cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, Curr Opin Plant Biol, vol.11, issue.3, pp.244-51, 2008.

B. L. Ridley, M. A. O'neill, and D. Mohnen, Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling, Phytochemistry, vol.57, issue.6, pp.929-967, 2001.

J. Rösti, C. J. Barton, S. Albrecht, P. Dupree, M. Pauly et al., UDPglucose 4-epimerase isoforms UGE2 and UGE4 cooperate in providing UDP-galactose for cell wall biosynthesis and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant Cell, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1565-79, 2007.

T. Sakamoto and T. Sakai, Analysis of structure of sugar-beet pectin by enzymatic methods, Phytochemistry, vol.39, issue.4, pp.821-824, 1995.

H. V. Scheller, J. K. Jensen, S. S. Harholt, J. Geshi, and N. , Biosynthesis of pectins, Physiol. Plant, vol.129, pp.283-295, 2007.

H. A. Schols, M. A. Posthumus, and A. Voragent, Structural features of hairy regions of pectins isolated from apple juice produced by the liquefaction process, Carbohydrate Research, vol.206, pp.17-129, 1990.

G. J. Seifert, C. Barber, B. Wells, and K. Roberts, Growth regulators and the control of nucleotide sugar flux, Plant Cell, vol.16, pp.723-730, 2004.

G. J. Seifert, C. Barber, B. Wells, L. Dolan, and K. Roberts, Galactose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis: genetic evidence for substrate channeling from UDP-D-galactose into cell wall polymers, Curr Biol, vol.12, issue.21, pp.1840-1845, 2002.

I. M. Sims, D. J. Craik, and A. Bacic, Structural characterisation of galactoglucomannan secreted by suspension-cultured cells of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Carbohydrate Research, vol.303, pp.79-92, 1997.

C. Søgaard, A. Stenbaek, S. Bernard, M. Hadi, A. Driouich et al., GO-PROMTO Illuminates Protein Membrane Topologies of Glycan Biosynthetic Enzymes in the Golgi Apparatus of Living Tissues, PloS One, vol.7, issue.2, p.31324, 2012.

P. Ulvskov, H. Wium, D. Bruce, B. Jørgensen, K. B. Qvist et al., Biophysical consequences of remodeling the neutral side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I in tubers of transgenic potatoes, Planta, vol.220, issue.4, pp.609-629, 2005.

R. Verhoef, Y. Lu, J. P. Knox, A. G. Voragen, and H. A. Schols, Fingerprinting complex pectins by chromatographic separation combined with ELISA detection, Carbohydr. Res, vol.344, pp.1808-1817, 2009.

M. Vicré, A. Jauneau, J. P. Knox, and A. Driouich, Immunolocalization of beta-(1 -> 4) and beta-(1 -> 6)-D-galactan epitopes in the cell wall and Golgi stacks of developing flax root tissues, Protoplasma, vol.203, pp.26-34, 1998.

J. P. Vincken, H. A. Schols, R. J. Oomen, F. J. Beldman, G. Visser et al., Pecti n-the hairy thing, Advances in Pectin and Pectinase Research, pp.47-59, 2003.

W. G. Willats, L. Mccartney, W. Mackie, and J. P. Knox, Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis, Plant Mol.Biol, vol.47, pp.9-27, 2001.

W. G. Willats, S. E. Marcus, and J. P. Knox, Generation of monoclonal antibody specific to (1 fi 5)-a-L-arabinan, Carbohydr. Res, vol.308, pp.149-152, 1998.

G. F. Zhang and L. A. Staehelin, Functional compartmentation of the golgi apparatus of plant cells: immunocytochemical analysis of high-pressure frozen-and freeze-substituted sycamore maple suspension culture cells, Plant Physiol, vol.99, pp.1070-1083, 1992.

, LABEX DRIIHM Dispositif de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux Appel à Projet pour Contrat doctoral, 2013.

, L'appel à projet doctoral du Labex DRIIHM pour l'année 2013 ouvre au concours deux contrats pleins pour 3 années consécutives

. Driihm,

. Appel-À-projet and . Doctoral, , 2013.

, OHM concerné(s) : Téssékeré

, Titre du sujet de thèse : Interactions biotiques au sein de la rhizosphère de Balanites aegyptiaca

M. Sujet, Grande Muraille Verte, Balanites aegyptiaca, santé des sols, rhizosphère

, Articulation avec la recherche de l'OHM (des OHM) concerné(s) (Maximum 10 l

, En effet, les principaux acteurs de ce projet ont déjà démarré des travaux de recherche dans le contexte OHM Téssékéré, soit à travers la coordination de projets « petite-échelle » financés par l'OHM dans les domaines de la biologie végétale (D. Goffner) et de la microbiologie des sols (G. Grundmann), soit par engagement, jusqu'à présent, informel (ML. Follet-Gueye). Les recherches proposées dans le présent projet pourraient à terme aider à proposer les meilleures combinaisons d'arbres sur un sol donné et à améliorer les pratiques de sylviculture afin de restructurer au mieux les sols, conduisant à une meilleure gestion des ressources naturelles à la fois adaptées au climat hostile sahélien tout en étant d'une grande utilité pour l'Homme. Cela nous semble le point de mire, Les objectifs de ce projet de thèse rentrent pleinement dans les préoccupations de l'OHM Téssékéré

, cas échéant) : non identifié Co-financeur éventuel du projet : OHM Téssékeré Noms et coordonnées mél de 4 rapporteurs possibles

-. Luc-abbadie and . Ens,

J. Pelloux and -. ,

C. Santaella, UMR 6191 -CEA -CNRS -Université Aix-Marseille II (catherine.santaella@cea.fr)

, Nom et coordonnée mél du directeur de l'École Doctorale dans laquelle le sujet serait susceptible d'être inscrit

P. Lerouge,

. Nguema-ona, Les Plantes du Sahel, CNRS éditions, vol.22, pp.201-209, 2004.

. Vicré, Plant Physiol, vol.138, issue.2, pp.998-1008, 2005.

F. Wen, Plant Physiol, issue.151, pp.820-829, 2009.

, Déclaration d'acceptation de la direction de la thèse

M. L. Nous-soussignées and . Follet-gueye, Directrice de Recherche CNRS à l'UMI ESS 3189

. Marseille, , vol.10, 2013.

D. Goffner-rouen-le, , 2013.