V. Chapitre, Discussion générale et perspectives, p.137

A. D. Barnosky, N. Matzke, S. Tomiya, G. O. Wogan, B. Swartz et al., Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?, Nature, vol.471, pp.51-57, 2011.

N. Baux, A. Baffreau, P. Balay, B. Chouquet, C. Dancie et al., Convention pour la mise au point d'indicateurs d'impacts de clapages sur les habitats benthiques: cas des sites de dépôt de clapages des Grands Ports Maritimes du Havre et de, 2017.

D. R. Bellwood, T. P. Hughes, C. Folke, and M. Nyström, Confronting the coral reef crisis, Nature, vol.429, pp.827-833, 2004.

L. Bergström, F. Sundqvist, and U. Bergström, Effects of an offshore wind farm on temporal and spatial patterns in the demersal fish community, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.485, pp.199-210, 2013.

F. Berkes and C. Folke, Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, vol.459, 2000.

G. Billen, J. Garnier, and L. Lassaletta, The nitrogen cascade from agricultural soils to the sea: modelling nitrogen transfers at regional watershed and global scales, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci, vol.368, p.1621, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195674

M. Blanchard, Origine et état de la population de Crepidula fornicata (Gastropoda Prosobranchia) sur le littoral français, Haliotis, vol.24, pp.75-86, 1995.

A. Blanchet-aurigny, S. F. Dubois, C. Quéré, M. Guillou, and F. Pernet, Trophic niche of two co-occurring ophiuroid species in impacted coastal systems, derived from fatty acid and stable isotop analyses, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.525, pp.127-141, 2015.

A. Bodini, Building a systemic environmental monitoring and indicators for sustainability: what has the ecological network approach to offer?, Ecol. Indic, vol.15, pp.140-148, 2012.

L. C. Boles and K. J. Lohmann, True navigation and magnetic maps in spiny lobsters, Nature, vol.421, pp.60-63, 2003.

P. Bourdaud, D. Gascuel, A. Bentorcha, and A. Brind'amour, New trophic indicators and target values for an ecosystem-based management of fisheries, Ecol. Indic, vol.61, pp.588-601, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01558433

T. Brey, Population dynamics in benthic invertebrates. A virtual handbook, 2001.

B. W. Brook, N. S. Sodhi, and C. J. Bradshaw, Synergies among extinction drivers under global change, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.23, pp.453-460, 2008.

P. Brunel, M. Besner, D. Messier, L. Poirier, D. Granger et al., Le traîneau suprabenthique MACER-GIROQ : appareil amélioré pour l'échantillonnage quantitatif étagé de la petite faune nageuse au voisinage du fond, Inter. Rev. Gesamt. Hydrob. Hydro, vol.63, pp.815-829, 1978.

F. S. Chapin, B. H. Walker, R. J. Hobbs, D. U. Hooper, J. H. Lawton et al., Biotic control over the functioning of ecosystems, Science, vol.277, pp.500-504, 1997.

F. S. Chapin, C. Folke, and G. P. Kofinas, A framework for understanding change. In Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience-Based Natural Resource Management in a Changing World, pp.3-28, 2009.

R. R. Christian, D. Baird, J. Luczkovich, J. C. Johnson, U. M. Scharler et al., Role of network analysis in comparative ecosystem ecology of estuaries, Aquatic Food Webs: an Ecosystem Approach, pp.25-40, 2005.

V. Christensen and D. Pauly, ECOPATH II-a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics, Ecol. Model, vol.61, pp.169-185, 1992.

V. Christensen and D. Pauly, ICLARM Conference Proceedings, vol.26, p.390, 1993.

V. Christensen, Ecosystem maturity-towards quantification, Ecol. Model, vol.77, pp.3-32, 1995.

V. Christensen, C. J. Walters, D. Pauly, and R. Forrest, , 2008.

, User Guide. Lensfest Ocean Futures Project, vol.235

V. Christensen, C. J. Walters, R. Ahrens, J. Alder, J. Buszowski et al., Database-driven models of the world's large marine ecosystems, Ecol. Model, vol.220, 1984.

V. Christensen and C. J. Walters, Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations, Ecol. Model, vol.172, pp.109-139, 2004.

V. Christensen, C. J. Walters, and D. Pauly, Ecopath with Ecosim: a user's guide. Fisheries Centre. University of British Columbia, vol.154, 2005.

V. Christensen, M. Coll, J. Steenbeek, J. Buszowski, D. Chagaris et al., Representing variable habitat quality in a spatial food web model, Ecosystem, vol.17, pp.1397-1412, 2014.

J. Claudet, C. W. Osenberg, L. Benedetti-cecchi, P. Domenici, J. García-charton et al., Marine reserves: size and age do matter, Ecol. Lett, vol.11, pp.481-489, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00286343

D. Coates, Y. Deschutter, M. Vincx, and J. Vanaverbeke, Enrichment and shifts in macrobenthic assemblages in an offshore wind farm area in the Belgian part of the North Sea, Mar. Environ. Res, vol.95, pp.1-12, 2014.

M. Coll, I. Palomera, and S. Tudela, Decadal changes in a NW Mediterranean Sea food web in relation to fishing exploitation, Ecol. Model, vol.220, pp.2088-2102, 2009.

M. Coll and S. Libralato, Contributions of food-web modelling for an ecosystem approach of marine resource management in the Mediterranean Sea, Fish. Fish, vol.13, pp.60-88, 2012.

R. Costanza, R. Arge, R. Degroot, S. Farber, M. Grasso et al., The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital, Nature, vol.387, pp.253-260, 1997.

R. Costanza, The ecological, economic, and social importance of the oceans, Ecol. Econ, vol.31, pp.199-213, 1999.

R. Costanza and M. Mageau, What is a healthy ecosystem?, Aquat. Ecol, vol.33, pp.105-115, 1999.

E. J. Cottier-cook, C. Beveridge, J. D. Bishop, J. Brodie, P. Clark et al., Non native species, 2017.

K. L. Cottingham and . D. Schindler, Effects of grazer community structure on phytoplankton response to nutrient pulses, Ecology, vol.81, pp.183-200, 2000.

G. Coyle, Qualitative and quantitative modelling: some research questions. Syst, Dynam. Rev, vol.16, pp.225-244, 2000.

T. Crowe and C. L. Frid, Marine ecosystems: human impacts on biodiversity, functioning and services. Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.397, 2015.

J. Cucherousset, S. Bouletreau, A. Martino, J. Roussel, M. Santoul et al., Using stable isotope analyses to determine the ecological effects of non-native fishes, Fish. Manag. Ecol, vol.19, pp.111-119, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01210139

A. Dahan, Les modèles du futur, Changement climatique et scénarios économiques : enjeux politiques et économiques, La Découverte, vol.244, 2007.

A. Dahan and H. Guillemot, Les relations entre science et politique dans le régime climatique : à la recherche d'un nouveau modèle d'expertise ? Natures Sciences Sociétés, pp.6-18, 2015.

J. M. Dambacher, H. W. Li, and P. A. Rossignol, Qualitative predictions in model ecosystems, Ecol. Model, vol.161, pp.79-93, 2003.

J. M. Dambacher, D. J. Gaughan, M. J. Rochet, P. A. Rossignol, and V. M. Trenkel, Qualitative modelling and indicators of exploited ecosystems, Fish. Fish, vol.10, pp.305-322, 2009.

J. M. Dambacher, P. C. Rothlisberg, and N. Loneragan, Qualitative mathematical models to support ecosystem-based management of Australia's Northern Prawn Fishery, Ecol. Appl, vol.25, pp.278-298, 2015.

J. K. Dame and R. R. Christian, A statistical test of network analysis: can it detect differences in food web properties? Ecosystems, vol.10, pp.906-923, 2007.

R. Danovaro, A. Dell'anno, C. Corinaldesi, M. Magagnini, R. Noble et al., Major viral impact on the functioning of benthic deep-seaecosystems, Nature, vol.454, pp.1084-1087, 2008.

J. C. Dauvin and J. C. Lorgeré, Modifications du traîneau MACER-GIROQ pour l'amélioration de l'échantillonnage quantitatif étagé de la faune suprabenthique, 1989.

, I. Rech. Océollogr, vol.14, pp.65-67

J. C. Dauvin, C. Vallet, P. Mouny, and S. Zouhiri, Main characteristics of the boundary layer macrofauna in the English Channel, Hydrobiologia, vol.426, pp.139-156, 2000.

J. C. Dauvin, O. Lozachmeur, Y. Capetc, J. B. Dubrulle, M. Ghezalii et al., Legal tools for preserving France's natural heritage through integrated coastal zone management, Ocean. Coast. Manag, vol.47, pp.463-477, 2004.

J. C. Dauvin, The seine estuary, a highly developed area. Seine-Aval Special Issue, pp.27-32, 2006.

J. C. Dauvin, N. Desroy, A. L. Janson, C. Vallet, and S. Duhamel, Recent changes of estuarine benthic and suprabenthic communities in response to harbour infrastructural development, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.53, pp.80-90, 2006.

J. C. Dauvin, G. Bellan, and D. Bellan-santini, The need for clear and comparable terminology in benthic ecology. Part II. Application of the European Directives, Aqua. Conser. Mar. Fresh. Ecosyst, vol.18, pp.432-445, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00481057

J. C. Dauvin, T. Ruellet, N. Desroy, and A. L. Janson, The ecological quality status of the Bay of Seine and the Seine estuary: Use of biotic indices, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.55, pp.241-257, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00481557

J. C. Dauvin and T. Ruellet, Macrozoobenthic biomass in the Bay of Seine (eastern English Channel), J. Sea. Res, vol.59, pp.320-326, 2008.

J. C. Dauvin, Are western and eastern bassin of the English two separate ecosystems?, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.64, pp.463-71, 2012.

J. C. Dauvin, Y. Méar, A. Murat, E. Poizot, S. Lozach et al., Spatio temporal patterns of the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis in the eastern Bay of Seine, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.131, pp.171-181, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00861403

J. C. Dauvin, History of benthic research in the English Channel: from general patterns of communities to habitat mosaic description, J. Sea. Res, vol.100, pp.32-45, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01166150

J. Dunne, U. Brose, R. J. Williams, and N. D. Martinez, Modeling food-web dynamics: complexity-stability implications, pp.117-129, 2005.

J. A. Dunne, The network structure of food webs, Ecological networks: linking structure to dynamics in food webs, pp.27-86, 2006.

P. D. Eastwood, C. M. Mills, J. N. Aldridge, C. A. Houghton, and S. I. Rogers, Human activities in UK offshore waters: an assessment of direct, physical pressure on the seabed, Ices J. Mar. Sci, vol.64, pp.453-463, 2007.

K. Essink, On the occurence of the American jackknife clam Ensis directus (Conrad, 1843) (Bivalvia, Cultellidae) in the Dutch Wadden Sea, Basteria, vol.49, pp.73-80, 1985.

E. , The European offshore wind industry-key trends and statistics, 2015.

W. F. Fagan, Omnivory as a stabilizing feature of natural communities, Am. Nat, vol.150, pp.554-567, 1997.

J. T. Finn, Measures of ecosystem structure and function derived from analysis of flows, J. Theor. Biol, vol.56, pp.363-380, 1976.

J. T. Finn, Flow analysis of models of the Hubbard Brook ecosystem, Ecology, vol.61, pp.562-571, 1980.

C. Fisher and M. Slater, Effects of electromagnetic fields on marine species: a literature review. Edition Oregon Wave Energy Trust, p.26, 2010.

C. Fisson, L'estuaire de la Seine : état de santé et évolution, Fascicule Seine-Aval, vol.3, p.55, 2014.

C. Folke, T. Hahn, P. Olsson, and J. Norberg, Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems, Annu. Rev. Env. Resour, vol.30, pp.441-473, 2005.

A. Forest, J. T. Tremblay, Y. Gratton, J. Martin, J. Gagnon et al., Biogenic carbon flows through the planktonic food web of the Amundsen Gulf, A synthesis of field measurements and inverse modeling analyses. Progr. Oceanogr. 91, pp.410-436, 2011.

S. Frickel and K. Moore, The new political sociology of science, p.500, 2006.

B. Fry, S. A. Macko, and J. C. Zieman, Review of stable isotopic investigations of food-webs in seagrass meadows, Subtropical-Tropical Seagrasses in the South-Eastern US Florida Dept. Natural Res, pp.189-209, 1987.

E. A. Fulton, S. Smith, and J. R. Johnson, Effect of complexity on marine ecosystem models, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.235, pp.1-16, 2003.

R. W. Furness and M. L. Tasker, Seabird-fishery interactions: quantifying the sensitivity of seabirds to reductions in sandeel abundance, and identification of key areas for sensitive seabirds in the North Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog, vol.202, pp.253-264, 2000.

C. Gabelle, F. Baraud, L. Biree, S. Gouali, H. Hamdoun et al., The impact of aluminum sacrificial anodes on the marine environment: a case study, Appl. Geochem, vol.27, pp.2088-2095, 2012.

C. Garcia, Approche fonctionnelle des communautés benthiques du bassin oriental de la manche et du sud de la mer du Nord, p.399, 2010.

F. Gentil, Distribution des peuplements benthiques en baie de Seine (Thèse 3 ème cycle), p.70, 1976.

K. Gee, Offshore wind power development as affected by seascape values on the German North Sea coast, Land Use Policy, vol.27, pp.185-194, 2010.

F. R. Gell and C. M. Roberts, Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.18, pp.448-455, 2003.

F. Gentil and L. Cabioch, Carte des peuplements macrobenthiques de la Baie de Seine et Manche centrale sud. Carte et notice explicative de la carte. Editions de la station Biologique de Roscoff, p.18, 1997.

M. Gibbons, C. Limoges, H. Nowotny, S. Schwartzman, P. Scott et al., The new production of knowledge: The dynamics of science and research into contemporary societies, p.89, 1994.

A. B. Gill, Offshore renewable energy: ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone, J. Appl. Ecol, vol.42, pp.605-615, 2005.

A. B. Gill and J. A. Kimber, The potential for cooperative management of elasmobranchs and offshore renewable energy development in UK waters, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K, vol.85, pp.1075-1081, 2005.

A. B. Gill, I. Gloyne-phillips, K. J. Neal, and J. A. Kimber, COWRIE 1.5 Electromagnetic Fields Review: The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Sub-Sea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Wind Farm Developments on Electrically and Magnetically Sensitive Marine Organisms, vol.128, 2005.

A. B. Gill, Y. Huang, I. Gloyne-phillips, J. Metcalfe, V. Quayle et al., COWRIE 2.0 Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Phase 2: EMF-Sensitive Fish Response to EM Emissions from Sub-Sea Electricity Cables of the Type Used by the Offshore Renewable Energy Industry, p.128, 2009.

E. Goberville, G. Beaugrand, B. Sautour, and P. Treguer, Climate driven changes in coastal marine systems of Western Europe, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.408, pp.129-147, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00634519

R. Goñi, F. Badalamenti, and M. H. Tupper, Effects of Marine Protected Areas on local fisheries: evidence from empiricals tudies, Marine Protected Areas. A multidisciplinary approach, p.277, 2011.

S. Gouali, Impact environnemental des anodes sacrificielles en aluminium, p.162, 2013.

V. Guesnet, G. Lassalle, A. Chaalali, K. Kearney, B. Saint-béat et al., Incorporating food-web parameter uncertainty into Ecopath-derivedecological network indicators, Ecol. Model, vol.313, pp.29-40, 2015.

L. H. Gunderson, Ecological Resilience-In Theory and Application, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S, vol.31, pp.425-439, 2000.

L. H. Gunderson, C. R. Allen, and C. S. Holling, Foundations of ecological resilience, vol.466, 2009.

D. M. Groppe, T. P. Urbach, and M. Kutas, Mass univariate analysis of event-related brain potentials/fields I: A critical tutorial review: Mass univariate analysis of ERPs/ERFs I: Review, Psychophysiology, vol.48, pp.1711-1725, 2011.

G. Halouani, Modélisations de la dynamique trophique d'un écosystème méditerranéen exploite : le Golfe de Gabès à travers la mise en place de différentes mesures spatiales et temporelles, vol.230, 2016.

B. S. Halpern and R. R. Warner, Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives, P. R. Soc. London, vol.270, pp.1871-1878, 2003.

B. S. Halpern, K. L. Mcleod, A. A. Rosenberg, and L. B. Crowder, Managing for cumulative impacts in ecosystem-based management through ocean zoning, Ocean. Coast. Manag, vol.51, pp.203-211, 2008.

B. S. Halpern, S. Walbridge, K. A. Selkoe, C. V. Kappel, F. Micheli et al., A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems, Science, vol.319, pp.948-952, 2008.

M. Harmelin-vivien, L. Le-direach, J. Bayle-sempere, E. Charbonnel, J. A. Garcia-charton et al., Gradients of abundance and biomass across reserve boundaries in six Mediterranean marine protected areas: evidence of fish spillover?, Biol. Conserv, vol.141, pp.1829-1839, 2008.

T. Hattab, Impacts du changement global sur les assemblages d'espèces exploitées sud méditerranéens, application au golfe de Gabès (Tunisie) : de la modélisation des niches aux conséquences trophiques, p.361, 2014.

C. H. Heip, R. Huys, M. Vincx, A. Vanreusel, N. Smol et al., Composition, distribution, biomass and production of North Sea meio-fauna, Neth. J. Sea Res, vol.26, pp.333-342, 1990.

S. K. Henkel, R. M. Suryan, and B. A. Lagerquist, Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf, vol.176, 2014.

J. J. Heymans, R. E. Ulanowicz, and C. Bondavalli, Network analysis of the South Florida Everglades graminoid marshes and comparison with nearby cypress ecosystems, Ecol Model, vol.149, pp.5-23, 2002.

J. J. Heymans, Ecosystem models of Newfoundland and Southeastern Labrador: Additional information and analyses for 'Back to the Future'. Fisheries Centre, 2003.

J. J. Heymans, S. Guénette, and V. Christensen, Evaluating network analysis indicators of ecosystem status in the Gulf of Alaska, Ecosystems, vol.10, pp.488-502, 2007.

J. J. Heymans, M. Coll, S. Libralato, L. Morissette, and V. Christensen, Global Patterns in Ecological Indicators of Marine Food Webs: A Modelling Approach, Plos one, vol.9, p.4, 2014.

J. J. Heymans, M. Coll, J. S. Link, S. Mackinson, J. Steenbeek et al., Best practice in Ecopath with Ecosim food-web models for ecosystem-based management, Ecol. Model, pp.123-128, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01926194

J. A. Hildebrand, Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.395, pp.5-20, 2009.

C. Hily and J. F. Guillaud, Les rejets urbains en mer, Les biocénoses marines et littorales françaises des côtes Atlantique, pp.206-211, 1997.

K. A. Hobson and H. E. Welch, Determination of trophic relationships within a high Arctic marine food web using ? 13 C and ? 15 N analysis, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.84, pp.9-18, 1992.

C. S. Holling, Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience, pp.31-44, 1996.

R. Hoppe, Policy analysis, science and politics: from 'speaking truth to power' to 'making sense together, J. Sci. Pub. Poli, vol.26, pp.201-210, 1999.

G. R. Hosack, K. Hayes, and J. Dambacher, Assessing model structure uncertainty through an analysis of system feedback and Bayesian networks, Ecol. Appl, vol.18, pp.1070-1082, 2008.

H. Hotker, K. H. Thomsen, and H. Jeromin, Impacts on biodiversity of exploitation of renewable energy resources: the example of birds and bats-facts, gaps in knowledge, demands for further research, and ornithological guidelines for the development of renewable energy exploitation, p.65, 2006.

T. P. Hughes, Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef, Science, vol.265, pp.1547-1551, 1994.

O. Hüppop, J. Dierschke, K. M. Exo, E. Fredrich, and R. Hill, Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with offshore wind turbines, Ibis, vol.148, pp.90-109, 2006.

I. , Impacts des câbles sous-marins sur les écosystèmes côtiers, Cas particulier des câbles électriques de raccordement des parcs éoliens offshore (compartiments benthiques et halieutiques). IFREMER Edition, p.58, 2011.

R. Inger, M. Attrill, M. Bearhop, S. Broderick, A. Grecian et al., Marine renewable energy: potential benefits to biodiversity? An urgent call for research, J. Appl. Ecol, vol.46, pp.1145-53, 2009.

S. Jasanoff, Contested boundaries in policy-relevant science, Soc. Stud. Sci, vol.17, pp.195-230, 1987.

S. Jennings, J. K. Pinnegar, N. V. Polunin, and K. J. Warr, Linking size-based and trophic analyses of benthic community structure, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.226, pp.77-85, 2002.

S. Jennings and K. J. Warr, Smaller predator-prey body size ratios in longer food chains, P. R. Soc. London, vol.270, pp.1413-1417, 2003.

G. A. Johnson, N. Niquil, H. Asmus, C. Bacher, R. Asmus et al., The effects of aggregation on the performance of the inverse method and indicators of network analysis, Ecol. Mod, vol.220, pp.3448-3464, 2009.

T. J. Joschko, B. H. Buck, L. Gutow, and A. Schröder, Colonization of an artificial hard substrate by Mytilus edulis in the German Bight, Mar. Biol. Res, vol.4, pp.350-360, 2008.

J. J. Kay, L. A. Graham, and R. E. Ulanowicz, A detailed guide to network analysis. Network Analysis in Marine Ecology, p.61, 1989.

R. R. Kirby and G. Beaugrand, Trophic amplification of climate warming, P. Roy. Soc. B. Bio. Sciences, vol.279, pp.4095-4103, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00480667

J. L. Kirschvink, Magnetoreception: homing in on vertebrates, Nature, vol.390, pp.339-340, 1997.

T. Kline, D. Pauly, F. Funk, I. I. Quinn, T. J. Heifetz et al., Cross-validation of trophic level estimates from a mass balance model of Prince William Sound using 15 N/ 14 N data, Fishery Stock Assessment Models, pp.693-702, 1998.

N. Knowlton, Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics, Am. Zool, vol.32, pp.674-682, 1992.

J. Köller, J. Köppel, and W. Peters, Offshore Wind Energy Research on Environmental Impacts, p.371, 2006.

B. Konar and J. A. Estes, The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas, Ecology, vol.84, pp.174-85, 2003.

J. K. Kones, K. Soetaert, D. Van-oevelen, J. O. Owino, and K. Mavuti, Gaining insight into food webs reconstructed by the inverse method, J. Mar. Syst, vol.60, pp.153-166, 2006.

J. K. Kones, K. Soetaert, D. Van-oevelen, and J. O. Owino, Are network indices robust indicators of food web functioning? A Monte Carlo approach, Ecol. Model, vol.220, pp.370-382, 2009.

D. Koop, S. Lefebre, M. Cachera, M. C. Villanueva, and B. Ernande, Reorganization of a marine trophic network along an inshore-offshore gradient due to stronger pelagic-benthic coupling in coastal areas, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.130, pp.157-171, 2015.

S. Kuehn, Sociological investigation of the reception of Horns Rev and Nysted offshore wind farms in the local communities, Elsam ngineering. Annual Status Report, vol.86, 2003.

R. Krone, L. Gutow, T. Brey, J. Dannheim, and A. Schröder, Mobile demersal megafauna at artificial structures in the German Bight-Likely effects of offshore wind farm development, Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci, vol.125, pp.1-9, 2013.

R. Krone, L. Gutow, T. Joschko, and A. Schröder, Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundation-implications of future wind power farming in the North Sea, Mar. Environ. Res, vol.85, pp.1-12, 2013.

R. Krone, G. Dederer, P. Kanstinger, P. Kramer, C. Scheinder et al., Mobile demersal megafauna at common offshore wind turbine foundations in the German Bight (North Sea) two years after deployment-increased production rate of Cancer pagurus, Mar. Environ. Res, vol.123, pp.53-61, 2017.

M. Lange, B. Burkhard, S. Garthe, K. Gee, A. Kannen et al., Analyzing coastal and marine changes: offshore wind farming as a case study, GKSS Research Centre, vol.36, p.236, 2010.

O. Langhamer, Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art, Sci. World J, p.8, 2012.

C. Larsonneur, P. Bouysse, and J. P. Auffret, The superficial sediments of the English Channel and its western approaches, Sedimentology, vol.29, pp.851-864, 1982.

G. Lassalle, J. Lobry, L. Loc'h, F. Bustamante, P. Certain et al., Lower trophic levels and detrital biomass control the Bay of Biscay continental shelf food web: implications for ecosystem management, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.91, pp.561-575, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00683349

G. Lassalle, T. Chouvelon, P. Bustamante, and N. Niquil, An assessment of the trophic structure of the Bay of Biscay continental shelf food web: Comparing estimates derived from an ecosystem model and isotopic data, Prog. Oceanogr, vol.120, pp.205-215, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00922534

H. D. Lasswell, The emerging conception of the policy sciences, Pol. Sci, vol.1, pp.3-14, 1970.

L. G. Latham, Network flow analysis algorithms, Ecol. Model, vol.192, pp.586-600, 2006.

R. Leakey and R. Lewin, The sixth extinction, 1996.

K. Lees, S. Pitois, C. Scott, C. Frid, and S. Mackinson, Characterizing regime shifts in the marine environment, Fish. Fish, vol.7, pp.104-127, 2006.

C. Le-guen, S. Tecchio, J. C. Dauvin, G. De-roton, J. Lobry et al., Assessing the ecological status of an estuarine ecosystem: Linking biodiversity and food-web indicators, 2017.

D. Leguerrier, N. Niquil, A. Petiau, and A. Bodoy, Modeling the impact of oysterculture on a mudflat food web in Marennes-Oléron Bay (France), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.273, pp.147-161, 2004.

D. Leguerrier, Prise en compte de la saisonnalité et des échanges physiques pour la synthèse constructive des connaissances sur une zone intertidale d'une région tempérée, vol.655, 2005.

L. Leleyter, F. Baraud, O. Gil, S. Gouali, M. Lemoine et al., Aluminium Impact on the Growth of Benthic Diatom in Marine Sediments: Formation, Distribution and Environmental Impacts, Chapter, issue.3, pp.61-79, 2016.

L. Loc'h, F. Hily, C. Grall, and J. , Benthic community and food web structure on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (North Eastern Atlantic) revealed by stable isotopes analysis, J. Mar. Syst, vol.72, pp.17-34, 2008.

J. Lenoir, J. C. Gégout, . Guisan, P. Vittoz, T. Wohlgemuth et al., Going against the flow: potential mechanisms for unexpected downslope range shifts in a warming climate, Ecography, vol.33, pp.295-303, 2010.

S. Leonhard, C. Stenberg, and J. Støttrup, Effect of the Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm on Fish Communities Follow-up Seven Years after Construction. DTU Aqua Rep, vol.99, 2011.

W. W. Leontief, The structure of the, 1951.

S. E. Lester and B. S. Halpern, Biological responses in marine no-take reserves versus partially protected areas, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.367, pp.46-56, 2008.

M. Levin and S. G. Ernst, DC magnetic field effects on early sea urchin development, Bioelectromagnetics, vol.18, pp.255-263, 1997.

R. ;. Levins, R. Contanza, P. Epstein, and C. Gaudet, Qualitative mathematics for the understanding, prediction, and intervention in complex systems, Ecosystem Health, pp.178-204, 1998.

R. C. Lewontin, The meaning of stability, Brookhaven Symposium in Biology, vol.22, pp.13-14, 1969.

S. Libralato, System Omnivory Index, Ecol. Indic, vol.4, pp.3472-3477, 2008.

H. J. Lindeboom, H. J. Kouwenhoven, M. J. Bergman, S. Bouma, S. Brasseur et al., Short term ecological effects of an offshore wind farm in the Dutch coastal zone; a compilation, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.6, pp.1-13, 2011.

R. L. Lindeman, The trophic dynamics aspect of ecology, Ecology, vol.23, pp.399-418, 1942.

J. Lobry, V. David, S. Pasquaud, M. Lepage, B. Sautour et al., Diversity and stability of an estuarine trophic network, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.358, pp.13-25, 2008.

J. Lobry, Biodiversité et Fonctionnement écologique dans les écosystèmes estuariens Vers des indicateurs fonctionnels des changements globaux. Mémoire d'Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches, p.84, 2016.

K. Lohmann and C. Lohmann, Detection of magnetic field intensity by sea turtles, Nature, vol.380, pp.59-61, 1996.

S. Lozach, Habitats benthiques marins du basin oriental de la Manche: enjeux écologiques dans le contexte d'extraction de granulats marins, p.308, 2011.

J. Lubchenco, S. R. Palumbi, S. D. Gaines, and S. Andelman, Plugging a hole in the ocean: the emerging science of marine reserves, Ecol. Appl, vol.13, pp.3-7, 2003.

C. Luczak, J. M. Dewarumez, and K. Essink, First record of the american jack knifs clam Ensis directus on the french coast of the North Sea, J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K, vol.73, pp.233-235, 1993.

M. Maar, K. Bolding, J. K. Petersen, J. L. Hansen, and K. Timmermann, Local effects of blue mussels around turbine foundations in an ecosystem model of Nysted off-shore wind farm, Denmark, J. Sea Res, vol.62, pp.159-174, 2009.

S. Mackinson and G. Daskalov, An ecosystem model of the North Sea to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries management: description and parameterisation, Sci. Ser. Tech. Rep, vol.142, p.pp, 2007.

P. T. Madsen, Marine mammals and noise: problems with root mean square sound pressure levels for transients, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, vol.117, pp.3952-3957, 2005.

P. T. Madsen, Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.309, pp.279-295, 2006.

E. A. Madsen, D. T. Haydon, A. D. Fox, R. W. Furness, R. Bullman et al., Barriers to movement: impacts of wind farms on migrating birds, J. Mar. Sci. Techno, vol.66, pp.746-753, 2009.

S. Marmin, Impacts biosédimentaires des expérimentations de clapage en baie de Seine sur la communauté des sables moyens propres à Nephtys cirrosa, vol.249, 2013.

S. Marmin, P. Patrick-lesueur, J. C. Dauvin, S. Samson, P. Tournier et al., An experimental study on dredge spoil of estuarine sediments in the Bay of Seine (France): amorpho-sedimentary assessment, Cont. Shelf Res, vol.116, pp.89-102, 2016.

R. Mathevet and F. Bousquet, Résilience et environnement. Penser les changements socio-écologiques, Buchet Chastel, vol.176, 2014.

R. M. May, Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states, Nature, vol.269, pp.471-477, 1977.

C. Mazé, O. Ragueneau, J. Weisbein, and E. Mariat-roy, Pour une anthropologie politique de la Mer, Rev. Internat d'Ethnogr, vol.5, pp.189-202, 2015.

K. S. Mccann, The diversity-stability debate, Nature, vol.405, pp.228-233, 2000.

M. , Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis, vol.155, 2005.

M. , Energies Marines renouvelables, études méthodologique des impacts environnementaux et socio-économiques, p.357, 2012.

M. , Guide d'évaluation des impacts sur l'environnement des parcs éoliens en mer, 0201.

J. Mees and M. Jones, The hyperbenthos. Oceanogr, Mar. Biol, vol.35, pp.221-255, 1997.

K. Meißner and H. Sordyl, Literature Review of Offshore Wind Farms with Regard to Benthic Communities and Habitats, dans: Ecological Research on Offshore Wind Farms: International Exchange of Experiences. PART B: Literature Review of the Ecological Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms, pp.1-46, 2006.

T. Merck and R. Wasserthal, Assessment of the environmental impacts of cables, Biodiversity Series. OSPAR commission, vol.18, 2009.

S. J. Metcalf, D. J. Gaughan, and J. Shaw, Conceptual models for Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) in Western Australia, Fisheries Research Report, vol.42, issue.194, 2009.

T. Michler-cieluch and S. Kodeih, Mussel and seaweed cultivation in offshore wind farms: an opinion survey, Coast Manag, vol.36, pp.392-411, 2008.

T. Michler-cieluch, Co-Management processes in integrated coastal managementthe case of integrating marine aquaculture in offshore wind farms, vol.351, 2009.

A. C. Milessi, D. Calliari, L. Rodríguez-grana, D. Conde, J. Sellanes et al., Trophic mass-balance model of a subtropical coastal lagoon, including a comparison with a stable isotope analysis of the food-web, Ecol. Model, vol.221, pp.2859-2869, 2010.

R. G. Miller, Z. L. Hutchison, A. K. Macleod, M. T. Burrows, E. J. Cook et al., Marine renewable energy development: assessing the Benthic Footprint at multiple scales, Front. Ecol. Environ, vol.11, pp.433-440, 2013.

M. Minagawa and E. Wada, Step wise enrichment of 15N along food-chains: further evidence and the relation between d 15 N and animal age, Geochimica, vol.48, pp.1135-1140, 1984.

F. Mineur, E. Cook, D. Minchin, K. Bohn, A. Macleod et al., Changing coasts: Marine aliens and artificial structures, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol, vol.50, pp.189-234, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00807554

H. Mooney, A. Cropper, D. Capistrano, and S. Carpenter, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystems and Human Well-being, p.1367, 2005.

L. Morissette, Complexity, Cost and Quality of Ecosystem Models and their Impact on Resilience: A Comparative Analysis, 2007.

L. Zoology, , vol.278

D. Mouillot, J. M. Culioli, D. Pelletier, and J. A. Tomasini, Do we protect biological originality in protected areas? A new index and an application to the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve, Biol. Conserv, vol.141, pp.1569-1580, 2008.

C. Mueller-blenkle, P. K. Mcgregor, A. B. Gill, M. H. Andersson, J. Metcalfe et al., Effects of Pile-driving Noise on the Behaviour of Marine Fish. COWRIE Ref: Fish 06-08, vol.62, 2010.

J. Mukherjee, U. M. Schaler, B. D. Fath, and S. Ray, Measuring sensitivity of robustness and network indices for an estuarine food web model under perturbations, Ecol. Model, vol.306, pp.160-173, 2015.

A. Murat, Y. Mear, E. Poizot, and J. C. Dauvin, Silting up and development of anoxic conditions controlled by the engineer species Ophiothrix fragilis (eastern Baie de Seine, Cont. Shelf Res, vol.118, pp.11-22, 2016.

R. W. Murray, The ampulla of Lorenzini, In Electroreceptors and other specialized organs in lower vertebrates, Handbook of Sensory physiology, vol.3, pp.125-146, 1974.

S. Naeem, Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability, Conserv. Biol, vol.12, pp.39-45, 1998.

J. Navarro, M. Coll, M. Louzao, I. Palomera, A. Delgado et al., Comparison of ecosystem modelling and isotopic approach as ecological tools to investigate food webs in the NW Mediterranean Sea, J. Exp. Mar. Biol.Ecol, vol.401, pp.97-104, 2011.

E. Neveu, L'approche constructiviste des ''problèmes publics''. Un aperçu des travaux anglo-saxons », Etudes de communication, vol.22, pp.41-58, 1999.

T. Nichols and S. Hayasaka, Controlling the family wise error rate in functional neuroimaging: a comparative review, Stat Meth. Med. Res, vol.12, pp.419-446, 2003.

N. Niquil, G. A. Jackson, L. Legendre, and B. Delesalle, Inverse model analysis of the planktonic food web of Takapoto Atoll (French Polynesia), Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.165, pp.17-29, 1998.

. N. Niquil, Que nous apprennent les propriétés émergentes des modèles statiques de réseaux trophiques sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes littoraux anthropisés. Mémoire d'Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches, p.94, 2005.

N. Niquil, E. Chaumillon, G. Johnson, X. Bertin, B. Grami et al., The effect of physical drivers on ecosystem indices derived from ecological network analysis: Comparison across estuarine ecosystems, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.108, pp.132-143, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01242221

N. Niquil, L. Loc'h, F. Tecchio, S. Chaalali, A. Vouriot et al., Ongoing research on ecosystem health indicators for food webs in the MSFD context. Trans-Channel forum proceedings "Science and Governance of the Channel Marine Ecosystem, pp.14-15, 2014.

N. Niquil, A. Baeta, J. C. Marques, A. Chaalali, J. Lobry et al., Reaction of an estuarine food web to disturbance: Lindeman's perspective, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.512, pp.141-154, 2014.

J. Nedwell, J. Langoworthy, and D. Howell, Assessment of sub-sea acoustic noise and vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlife; initial measurements of underwater noise during construction of offshore windfarms, and comparison with background noise, 2003.

J. Nedwell and D. Howell, A review of offshore windfarm related underwaternoise sources, 2004.

J. R. Nedwell, S. J. Parvin, B. Edwards, R. Workman, and A. G. Brooker, Measurement and Interpretation of Underwater Noise During Construction and Operation of Offshore Windfarms in UK Waters, vol.85, 2007.

M. Nilsen, T. Pedersen, E. M. Nilssen, and S. Fredriksen, Trophic studies in a high lattitude fjord ecosystem: a comparison of stable isotope analyses (? 13 C and ? 15 N) and trophic level estimates from a mass-balance model, Can. J. Fish. Aquat Sci, vol.65, pp.2791-2806, 2008.

P. Norling and N. Kautsky, Patches of the mussel Mytilus sp. are islands of high biodiversity in subtidal sediment habitats in the Baltic Sea, Aquat. Biol, vol.4, pp.75-87, 2008.

E. P. Odum, The strategy of ecosystem development, Science, vol.164, pp.262-270, 1969.

E. P. Odum, Fundamentals of Ecology, vol.574, 1971.

M. C. Ohman, P. Sigray, and H. Westerberg, Offshore windmills and the effects electromagnetic fields and fish, Ambio, vol.36, pp.630-633, 2007.

M. Ortiz and M. Wolff, Trophic models of four benthic communities in Tongoy Bay (Chile): comparative analysis and preliminary assessment of management strategies, J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol, vol.268, pp.205-235, 2002.

. Ospar-commission, Assessment of the environmental impact of offshore Wind farms, Biod. S, vol.35, 2008.

R. L. Parker, Understanding inverse theory, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.5, pp.35-64, 1977.

D. M. Paterson, E. C. Defew, J. Jabour, R. J. ;-m-solan, D. M. Aspden et al., Ecosystem function and co-evolution of terminology in marine science and management, Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: frameworks, methodologies & integration, pp.24-33, 2012.

J. Patricio, R. Ulanowicz, M. A. Pardal, and J. C. Marques, Ascendency as an ecological indicator: a case study of estuarine pulse eutrophication, Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci, vol.60, pp.23-35, 2004.

J. Patrício, R. Ulanowicz, M. A. Pardal, and J. C. Marques, Ascendency as ecological indicator for environmental quality assessment at the ecosystem level: A case study, Hydrobiologia, vol.555, pp.19-30, 2006.

D. Pauly, M. Soriano-bartz, and M. L. Palomares, Improved construction, parameterization and interpretation of steady-state ecosystem models, Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM Conf. Proc, vol.26, pp.1-13, 1993.

D. Pauly, V. Christensen, J. Dalsgaard, R. Froese, and F. Torres, Fishing down marine food webs, Science, vol.279, pp.860-863, 1998.

D. Pauly and R. Watson, Counting the last fish, Sci. Am, vol.289, pp.42-47, 2003.

B. J. Peterson and B. Fry, Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst, vol.18, pp.293-320, 1987.

J. K. Petersen and T. Malm, Offshore windmill farms: threats to or possibilities for the marine environment, Ambio, vol.35, pp.75-80, 2006.

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, S. Marmin, P. Balay, N. Niquil et al., Before-After analysis of the trophic network of an experimental dumping site in the eastern part of the Bay of Seine, Mar. Pollut. Bull, vol.118, pp.101-111, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01691022

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, S. Marmin, P. Bailay, N. Niquil et al., Short-term response of subtidal soft-bottom community to dredge deposit of spoil estuarine sediment supports the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, 2017.

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, N. Niquil, and J. C. Dauvin, Trophic webs comparison of two different habitats in the English Channel : the Courseulles-sur-mer and the Dieppe-Le Tréport OWF case study. 4 th Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts, pp.6-8, 2017.

S. L. Pimm, The Balance of Nature, vol.448, 1984.

E. E. Plagànyi, Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, vol.477, 2007.

M. L. Plummer, Assessing benefit transfer for the valuation of ecosystem services, Front Ecol. Environ, vol.7, pp.38-45, 2009.

J. J. Polovina, Model of a coral reef ecosystem. The ECOPATH model and its application to French Frigate Shoals, Coral Reefs, vol.3, pp.1-11, 1984.

N. V. Polunin and J. Pinnegar, Trophic-level dynamics inferred from stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, CIESM Workshop Series, vol.12, pp.69-73, 2000.

D. M. Post, Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods and assumptions, Ecology, vol.83, pp.703-718, 2002.
DOI : 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0703:usitet]2.0.co;2

A. Prior and A. J. Mcmath, Marine mammals and noise from offshore renewable energy projects-UK developments, Proceedings of the ECS/ASCOBANS Workshop: Offshore wind farms and marine mammals: impacts and methodologies for assessing impacts, 2008.

, European Cetacean Society's 21 st Annual Conference, The Aquarium, p.70, 2007.

C. J. Puccia and R. Levins, Qualitative modelling of complex systems, vol.259, 1985.

A. Raoux, A. Laurens, J. Chatel, J. Isoard, M. Simounet et al., Manuel d'aide à la réalisation de l'étude d'impact dans le cadre d'une liaison sous-marine, 2012.

A. Raoux, J. Chatel, and J. Isoard, Synthèse générique sur les impacts environnementaux potentiels des liaisons sous-marines. RTE, p.35, 2013.

A. Raoux, S. Tecchio, J. P. Pezy, S. Degraer, D. Wilhelmsson et al., Benthic and fish aggregation inside an offshore wind farm: Which effects on the trophic web functioning?, Ecol. Indic, vol.72, pp.33-46, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.037

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01398550

A. Raoux, G. Lassalle, J. P. Pezy, S. Tecchio, G. Safi et al., An ecosystem approach of Marine Renewable Energies management: The potential effects of Offshore Wind Farms on ecosystem structure and functioning, 2017.

A. Raoux, J. M. Dambacher, J. P. Pezy, C. Mazé, J. C. Dauvin et al., Assessing cumulative socio-ecological impacts of offshore wind farm development in the Bay of Seine, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01691973

A. Raoux, J. P. Pezy, J. C. Dauvin, and N. Niquil, Trophic webs comparison of two different habitats in the English Channel: the Courseulles-sur-mer and the Dieppe-Le Tréport Offshore Wind Farm case study. Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments, ICES meeting, 2017.

J. T. Reubens, S. Degraer, and M. Vincx, Aggregation and feeding behaviour of pouting (Trisopterus luscus) at wind turbines in the Belgian part of the North Sea, Fish. Res, vol.108, pp.223-227, 2011.

J. T. Reubens, U. Braeckman, J. Vanaverbeke, C. Van-colen, S. Degraer et al., Aggregation at windmill artificial reefs: CPUE of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and pouting (Trisopterus luscus) at different habitats in the Belgian part of the North Sea, Fish. Res, vol.139, pp.28-34, 2013.

J. T. Reubens, S. Degraer, and M. Vincx, The ecology of benthopelagic fishes at offshore wind farms: a synthesis of 4 years of research, Hydrobiologia, vol.1, pp.121-136, 2014.

A. Ricart, E. Pettex, C. Lambert, H. Falchetto, S. Laran et al., Suivi Aérien de la Mégafaune Marine en Manche Est (SAMM-ME, pp.1-87, 2014.

W. J. Richardson, C. R. Greene, C. I. Malme, and D. H. Thomson, Zones of noise influence In Marine Mammals and Noise, vol.386, p.pp, 1995.

T. L. Richardson, G. A. Jackson, H. W. Ducklow, and M. R. Roman, Spatial and seasonal patterns of carbon cycling through planktonic food webs of the Arabian Sea determined by inverse analysis, Deep-Sea Res.II, vol.53, pp.555-575, 2006.

F. Rigal, Dynamique spatio-temporelle du nuage larvaire du gastéropode introduit Crepidula Fornicata au sein d'une baie mégatidale, la baie de Morlaix (France), p.445, 2009.

C. M. Roberts, J. P. Hawkins, and F. R. Gell, The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries, Philos. Trans. Reg. Soc. A, vol.360, pp.123-132, 2005.

P. Roche, I. Geijzendorffer, H. Levrel, and V. Maris, Valeurs de la biodiversité et services écosystémiques. Edition Quae, p.220, 2016.
DOI : 10.3917/quae.roche.2016.01

N. Rooney and K. S. Mccann, Integrating food web diversity, structure and stability, Trends Ecol. Evol, vol.27, pp.40-46, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2011.09.001

I. Rombouts, G. Beaugrand, and J. C. Dauvin, Potential changes in benthic macrofaunal distributions from the English Channel simulated under climate change scenarios, Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci, vol.99, pp.153-161, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00679224

I. Rombouts, G. Beaugrand, X. Fizzala, F. Gaill, S. P. Greenstreet et al., Food web indicators under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: from complexity to simplicity?, Ecol. Indic, vol.29, pp.246-254, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00864309

N. Rooney, K. Mccann, G. Gellner, and J. C. Moore, Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs, Nature, vol.442, pp.265-269, 2006.

C. Rousseau, F. Baraud, L. Leleyter, and O. Gil, Cathodic protection by zinc sacrificial anodes: impact on marine sediment metallic contamination, J. Haz. Mater, vol.167, pp.953-958, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.083

M. Ros, J. M. Guerra-garcía, M. González-macías, Á. Saavedra, and C. M. López-fe, Influence of fouling communities on the establishment success of alien caprellids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in Southern Spain, Mar. Biol. Res, vol.9, pp.261-273, 2013.

R. W. Russell, Interactions between migrating birds and offshore oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Final Report. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, p.348, 2005.

H. Rybarczyk and B. Elkaïm, An analysis of the trophic network of a macrotidal estuary: The Seine Estuary, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.58, pp.775-791, 2003.

G. Safi, N. L. Arroyo, J. Heymans, A. Raoux, I. Preciado et al., Addressing gaps in biodiversity indicator development for the OSPAR Region from data to ecosystem assessment: Applying an ecosystem approach to (sub) regional habitat assessments (EcApRHA, 2017.

, Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) Indices Ospar/FW 9 indicator CEMP Guideline, p.44

B. Saint-béat, Modélisation du rôle du biofilm dans le fonctionnement du réseau trophique de la vasière de Brouage (Bassin de Marennes-Oléron): influence sur les flux de Carbone et conséquences sur la stabilité, vol.320, 2012.

B. Saint-béat, A. F. Vézina, R. Asmus, H. Asmus, and N. Niquil, The mean function provides robustness to linear inverse modelling flow estimation in food webs: A comparison of functions derived from statistics and ecological theories, Ecol Model, vol.258, pp.53-64, 2013.

B. Saint-beat, D. Baird, H. Asmus, R. Asmus, C. Bacher et al., Trophic networks: How do theories link ecosystem structure and functioning to stability properties? A review, Ecol. Indic, vol.52, pp.458-471, 2015.

J. C. Salomon and M. Breton, Courants résiduels de marée dans la Manche, Oceanol. Acta, vol.11, pp.47-53, 1991.

J. C. Salomon and M. Breton, An atlas of long-term currents in the Channel, Oceanol. Acta, vol.16, pp.439-448, 1993.

C. Savenkoff, M. Castonguay, A. F. Vézina, S. P. Despatie, D. Chabot et al., Inverse modelling of trophic flows through an entire ecosystem: The northern Gulf of St. Lawrence in the mid-1980s, Can. J. Fish Aquat Sci, vol.61, pp.2194-2214, 2004.

U. M. Scharler and D. Baird, A comparison of selected ecosystem attributes of three South African estuaries with different freshwater inflow regimes, using network analysis, J. Mari Syst, vol.56, pp.283-308, 2005.

M. Scheffer, S. R. Carpenter, J. A. Foley, C. Folke, and B. H. Walker, Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems, Nature, vol.413, pp.591-596, 2001.

M. Scheffer, S. R. Carpenter, T. M. Lenton, J. Bascompte, W. Brock et al., Anticipating Critical Transitions. Science, vol.338, pp.344-348, 2012.

A. L. Shanks, Pelagic larval duration and dispersal distance revisited, Biol. Bull, vol.216, pp.373-385, 2009.

L. Shannon, M. Coll, A. Bundy, D. Gascuel, J. Heymans et al., Trophic level-based indicators to track fishing impacts across marine ecosystems, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.512, pp.115-140, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01823084

D. Sheehy and S. F. Vik, The role of constructed reefs in non-indigenous species introductions and range expansions, Ecol. Eng, vol.36, pp.1-11, 2010.

M. A. Shields and A. I. Payne, Marine renewable energy technology and environmental interactions, Humanity and the Sea, vol.176, 2014.

S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis et al., Climate change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Group I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers. Reisinger A, vol.22, 2007.

T. V. Stap, T. Coolen, and H. J. Lindeboom, Marine fouling assemblages on Offshore Gas Platforms in the Southern North Sea: Effects of Depth and Distance from Shore on Biodiversity, Plos One, vol.11, issue.1, p.146324, 2016.

R. S. Steneck, M. H. Graham, B. J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J. M. Erlandson et al., Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future, Environ. Conserv, vol.29, pp.436-59, 2002.

V. Stiger-pouvreau and G. Thouzeau, Marine Species Introduced on the French ChannelAtlantic Coasts: A Review of Main Biological Invasions and Impacts, Op. J. Ecol, vol.5, pp.227-257, 2015.

G. Stowasser, G. Pierce, J. Moffat, C. F. Collins, M. A. Forsythe et al., Experimental study on the effect of diet on fatty acid and stable isotope profiles of the squid Lolliguncula brevis, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.333, pp.97-114, 2006.

S. Tecchio, A. Tous-rius, J. C. Dauvin, J. Lobry, G. Lassalle et al., The mosaic of habitats of the Seine estuary: Insights from food-web modelling and network analysis, Ecol. Modell, vol.312, pp.91-101, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01162296

S. Tecchio, A. Chaalali, A. Raoux, A. Tous-rius, J. Lequesne et al., Evaluating ecosystem-level anthropogenic impacts in a stressed transitional environment: The case of the Seine estuary, Ecol. Indic, vol.61, pp.833-845, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01483254

J. Teilmann, S. Sveegaard, . R. Dietz, I. K. Petersen, P. Berggren et al., High density areas for harbor porpoises in Danish waters, p.45, 2008.

F. Thomsen, K. Lüdemann, R. Kafemann, and W. Piper, Effects of offshore wind farm noise on marine mammals and fish. COWRIE report, vol.62, 2006.

R. H. Thurstan, S. Brockington, C. M. Roberts, M. T. Tomczak, J. J. Heymans et al., Ecological Network Indicators of Ecosystem Status and Change in the Baltic Sea, Nature Communications, vol.1, p.75439, 2010.

S. Tortajada, N. Niquil, H. Blanchet, B. Grami, H. Montanié et al., Network analysis of the planktonicfood web during the spring bloom in a semi enclosed lagoon, Acta. Oecol, vol.40, pp.40-50, 2012.

J. Tougaard and O. Damsgaard-henriksen, Underwater noise from three types of offshore wind turbines: Estimation of impact zones for harbor porpoises and harbor seals, J. Acoust. Soc. Am, vol.125, pp.3766-3773, 2009.

J. Tougaard, J. Carstensen, J. Teilmann, H. Skov, and . P. Rasmussen, Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), J. Acoust. Soc. Am, vol.126, pp.11-14, 2009.

T. C. Tricas, Bioelectric-mediated predation by swell sharks Cephaloscyllium ventriosum, Copeia, vol.4, pp.948-952, 1982.

S. J. Turner, S. F. Thrush, J. E. Hewitt, V. J. Cummings, and G. Funnel, Fishing impacts and the degradation or loss of habitat structure, Fish. Manag. Ecol, vol.6, pp.401-420, 1999.

R. E. Ulanowicz, An hypothesis on the development of natural communities, J. Theor. Biol, vol.85, pp.23-245, 1980.

R. E. Ulanowicz, Growth and Development: Ecosystems Phenomenology, vol.166, 1986.

R. E. Ulanowicz and J. S. Norden, Symmetrical overhead in flown networks, J. Syst. Sci, vol.1, pp.429-437, 1990.

R. E. Ulanowicz, Trophic flows as indicators of ecosystem stress, pp.358-368, 1995.

R. E. Ulanowicz, L. Abarca-arenas, and G. , An informational synthesis of ecosystem structure and function, Ecol. Model, vol.95, pp.1-10, 1997.

R. E. Ulanowicz, Ecology, the Ascendant Perspective, vol.222, 1997.

R. E. Ulanowicz, Some steps toward a central theory of ecosystem dynamics, Comp. Biol. Chem, vol.27, pp.523-530, 2003.

R. E. Ulanowicz, Quantitative methods for ecological network analysis, Comput. Biol. Chem, vol.28, pp.321-339, 2004.

R. E. Ulanowicz, The dual nature of ecosystem dynamics, Ecol Model, vol.220, pp.1886-1892, 2009.

R. E. Ulanowicz, S. J. Goerner, B. Lietaer, and R. Gomez, Quantifying sustainability: Resilience, efficiency and the return of information theory, Ecol. Complex, vol.6, pp.27-36, 2009.

C. Vallet, Le compartiment suprabenthique des fonds circalittoraux de la manche : composition faunistique et quantitative, et role des transferts benthos/pelagos, Sciences biologiques et fondamentales appliquées, p.422, 1997.

C. Vallet and J. C. Dauvin, Biomass changes and bentho-pelagic transfers throughout the Benthic Boundary Layer in the English Channel, J. Plankt. Res, vol.23, pp.903-922, 2001.

C. Vallet, J. C. Dauvin, D. Hamon, and C. Dupuy, Effect of the introduced common slipper shell (Crepidula fornicata) on the suprabenthic biodiversity of the subtidal communities in the Bay of Saint-Brieuc, Cons. Biol, vol.15, pp.1686-1690, 2001.

D. Van-oevelen, K. Soetaert, J. J. Middelburg, P. M. Herman, L. Moodley et al., Carbon flows through a benthic food web: inte-grating biomass, isotope and tracer data, J. Mar. Res, vol.64, pp.453-482, 2006.

M. Vasconcellos, S. Mackinson, K. Sloman, and D. Pauly, The stability of trophic massbalance models of marine ecosystems: a comparative analysis, Ecol Model, vol.100, pp.125-134, 1997.

S. Vaz, A. Carpentier, and F. Coppin, Eastern English Channel fish assemblages: measuring the structuring effects of habitats on distinct sub-communities, J. Mar. Sci, vol.64, pp.271-287, 2007.

A. F. Vézina and T. Platt, Food web dynamics in the ocean. I. Best estimates of flow networks using inverse methods, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.42, pp.269-287, 1988.

A. F. Vézina, C. Savenkoff, S. Roy, B. Klein, R. Rivkin et al., Export of biogenic carbon and structure and dynamics of the pelagic food web in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Part 2. Inverse analysis. Deep-Sea Res, Part II, vol.47, pp.609-635, 2000.

A. F. Vézina and C. Savenkoff, Inverse modeling of carbon and nitrogen flows in the pelagic food web of the northeast subarctic Pacific. Deep-Sea Res, Part II, vol.46, pp.2909-2939, 1999.

A. F. Vézina and M. Pahlow, Reconstruction of ecosystem flows using inverse methods: How well do they work?, J. Mar. Sci, vol.40, pp.55-77, 2003.

S. Villasante, F. Arreguin-sanchez, J. J. Heymans, S. Libralato, C. Piroddi et al., Modelling marine ecosystems using the Ecopath with Ecosim food web approach: New insights to address complex dynamics after 30 years of developments, Ecol. Model, vol.331, pp.1-4, 2016.

P. M. Vitousek, Human domination of Earth's ecosystems, Science, vol.278, pp.21-21, 1997.

L. Vong, Des aires marines protégées: étude comparative France et Grande-Bretagne, p.70, 2010.

M. Wahlberg and H. Westerberg, Hearing in fish and their reactions to sounds from offshore wind farms, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser, vol.288, pp.295-309, 2005.

B. Walker, C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter, and A. Kinzig, Resilience adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems, Ecology and Society, vol.9, 2004.

B. Walker and D. Salt, Resilience thinking. Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. How can Landscapes and communities absorb disturbance and maintain function, 0192.

B. Walker and D. Salt, Resilience Practice: Building Capacity to Absorb Disturbance and Maintain Function, vol.248, p.pp, 2012.

C. Walters, V. Christensen, and D. Pauly, Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosystems from trophic mass-balance assessments, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish, vol.7, pp.139-172, 1997.

H. Westerberg and I. Lagenfelt, Sub-sea power cables and the migration behaviour of the European eel, Fish. Manag. Ecol, vol.15, pp.369-375, 2008.

V. Westerberg, J. B. Jacobsen, and R. Lifran, The case for offshore wind farms, artificial reefs and sustainable tourism in the French mediterranean, Tourism Manag, vol.34, pp.172-183, 2012.

D. Wilhelmsson, T. Malm, and M. C. Öhman, The influence of offshore wind power on demersal fish, ICES J. Mar. Sci, vol.63, pp.775-784, 2006.

D. Wilhelmsson and T. Malm, Fouling assemblages on offshore wind power plants and adjacent substrata, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci, vol.79, pp.459-466, 2008.

D. Wilhelmsson, T. Malm, R. Thompons, J. Tchou, G. Sarantakos et al., Greening Blue Energy : Identifying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportunies of offshore renewable energy Edited by Dan Wilhelmsson, vol.104, 2010.

C. J. Wilson and M. Elliott, The Habitat-creation potential of offshore wind farms, Wind Energy, vol.12, pp.203-212, 2009.

H. V. Winter, G. Aarts, and . O. Van-keeken, Residence time and behaviour of sole and cod in The Offshore Wind farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ), p.50, 2010.

L. J. Wood, L. Fish, J. Laughren, and D. Pauly, Assessing progress towards global marine protection targets: shortfalls in information and action, Oryx, vol.42, pp.340-351, 2008.

B. Worm, E. B. Barbier, N. Beaumont, J. E. Duffy, C. Folke et al., Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services, Science, vol.314, pp.787-790, 2006.

J. Zar, Biostatistical analysis, vol.620, 1984.

D. Zeller, Towards sustainability in world fisheries, Nature, vol.418, pp.689-695, 2002.

M. L. Zettler and F. Pollehne, The Impact of Wind Engine Constructions on Benthic Growth Patterns in the Western Baltic, Offshore Wind Energy, vol.13, pp.201-222, 2006.

, Cette méthode permet de construire des classes par agglomération successive de deux objets entre eux, de deux classes entre elles ou d'une classe et d'un objet (Benzécri, 1976), jusqu'à obtenir une hiérarchie de partition des objets. Différents calculs de distance pouvant être faits, le choix doit être judicieusement effectué en fonction du type de données employées. Différents calculs de distance pouvant être faits

L. Bray, Curtis a été employé avec les données d'abondance qui ont subi une transformation en log (X + 1) afin de minimiser l'importance des espèces abondantes. L'analyse des dendrogrammes a été complétée par une analyse SIMPER (PRIMER V6), le calcul de la fidélité, de la constance ainsi que l'indice Indval (Dufrêne et Legendre, 1997) afin de caractériser les assemblages obtenus. 2. Résultats Richesse taxonomique

, le nombre total de taxa est de 147. La richesse taxonomique moyenne sur la zone d'étude est de 28 taxa par station. Les valeurs de l'indice de ShannonWeaver observés sont comprises entre 0,9 et 4,8 avec une valeur moyenne de, vol.3

, La station 26 classée comme «très peu diversifié» et les stations 16 et 20 classées comme « peu diversifiée » présentent également les plus faibles valeurs d'équitablité (0,21 pour la station 26 et 0,31 pour les stations 16 et 20) témoignant ainsi de stations dont le nombre d, 2007.

A. Baffreau, J. P. Pezy, C. Dancie, B. Chouquet, P. Hacquebart et al., Mapping benthic communities: an indispensable tool for the preservation and management of the ecosocio-system in the Bay of Seine, Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci, vol.9, pp.162-173, 2017.

A. Borja, J. Franco, and V. Pérez, A marine biotic index to establish the ecological quality of soft-bottom benthos within European estuarine and coastal environments, Mar. Poll. Bull, vol.40, pp.1100-1114, 2000.

A. Borja, J. Franco, V. Valencia, J. Bald, I. Muxika et al., Implementation of the EuropeanWater Framework Directive from the Basque country (northern Spain): a methodological approach (viewpoint), Mar. Poll. Bull, vol.48, pp.209-218, 2004.

K. R. Clark and R. N. Gorley, PRIMER v6 : User Manual/Tutorial. Primer-E-Ltd, 2006.

J. C. Dauvin and T. Ruellet, Macrozoobenthic biomass in the Bay of Seine (eastern English Channel), J. Sea. Res, vol.59, pp.320-326, 2008.

M. Dufrêne and P. Legendre, Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach, Ecol. Mono, vol.67, pp.345-366, 1997.

F. Gentil and L. Cabioch, Carte des peuplements macrobenthiques de la Baie de Seine et Manche centrale sud. Carte et notice explicative de la carte. Editions de la station Biologique de Roscoff, p.18, 1997.

. Lozach, Ces analyses mettent en évidence la présence de sous-ensembles appelés faciès (assemblage a) dominés par l'ophiure Ophiothrix fragilis (espèce connue ailleurs en Baie de Seine comme pouvant former des patches d'abondance (Dauvin et Ruellet, 2008.

. Baffreau, 2017) au sein de la communauté des sables graveleux très largement présente dans toute la Baie de Seine centrale, Gentil et Cabioch, 1997.

L. Lebart, M. Piron, and A. Morineau, Statistique exploratoire multidimensionelle. Visualisation et inférence en fouilles de données, vol.464, 2006.

S. Lozach, J. C. Dauvin, Y. Méar, A. Murat, D. Davoult et al., Sampling epifauna, a necessity for a better assessment of benthic ecosystem functioning: an example of the epibenthic aggregated species Ophiothrix fragilis from the bay of Seine, Mar.Pollut.Bull, vol.62, pp.2753-2760, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00665083

E. C. Pielou, The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections, J. Theor. Biol, vol.13, pp.131-144, 1966.

C. E. Shannon and W. Weaver, The mathematical theory of communication, vol.225, 1948.

J. C. Dauvin, A. Baffreau, A. Raoux, J. P. Pezy, and N. Niquil, Evolution systémique et de la biodiversité des environnements côtiers et littoraux sous la pression du changement climatique, des facteurs naturels et anthropiques locaux, 2017.

N. Niquil, A. Raoux, G. Safi, G. Halouani, J. C. Dauvin et al., What is next: connecting ecological and social network analyses? Alfred Wegener Institut (AWI) Worshop on the "Use of coastal and estuarine food web models in politics and management: The need for an entire ecosystem approach to prevent crises, pp.25-27, 2017.

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, N. Niquil, and J. C. Dauvin, Trophic webs comparison of two different habitats in the English Channel : the Courseulles-sur-mer and the Dieppe-Le Tréport OWF case study. 4 th Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impacts, 2017.

J. P. Robin, A. Raoux, G. Safi, Z. Porcher, F. Malhomme et al., Les défis de l'intégration des Céphalopodes de Manche dans une approche écosystémique des pêches. Colloque IFREMER, pêches et changements globaux, 2017.

N. Baux, A. Baffreau, P. Balay, B. Chouquet, C. Dancie et al.,

, Mise au point d'INDicateurs d'Impacts de CLAPages sur les habitats benthiques : cas des sites de dépôt de clapages des Grands Ports Maritimes du Havre et de Rouen dans la partie orientale de la baie de Seine (projet INDICLAP : AAMP). CARHAMB'AR (colloque national sur la carthographie des habitats marins benthiques, pp.14-16, 2017.

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, N. Niquil, and J. C. Dauvin, Les sables grossiers de la baie de Seine et de la Manche orientale ont-ils des réseaux trophiques différents ? Le cas des parcs éoliens offshores de Courseulles-sur-mer et de Dieppe-Le Tréport. Colloque national sur la cartographie des habitats marins benthiques CARHAMB'AR, 14-16 mars, 2017.

A. Raoux, J. P. Pezy, J. C. Dauvin, and N. Niquil, Trophic webs comparison of two different habitats in the English Channel: the Courseulles-sur-mer and the Dieppe-Le Tréport Offshore Wind Farm case study. Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments, ICES meeting, 2017.

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, N. Niquil, and J. C. Dauvin, Can the transition from a taxonomic approach to an integrated food web approach allows the assessment of environmental impacts

. Dieppe-le, Tréport and Couseulles-sur-mer case studies? 25ème édition de la Réunion des Sciences de la Terre, 2016.

A. Raoux, J. C. Dauvin, and N. Niquil, An ecosystem approach of Marine Renewables Energies: what tells us the Ecological Network Analysis on the potential effects of Offshore Wind Farms on the ecosystem resilience?, EcApRHA WP3, workshop on Ecological Network Analysis indices, pp.14-15, 2016.

N. Niquil, C. Mazé, A. Raoux, S. Tecchio, J. C. Dauvin et al., Food-web models and political decision: what could be learned from simulations of cumulated impacts on the Bay of Seine food-web properties? MSEAS 2016, Understanding marine socio-ecological systems: including the human dimension in Integrated Ecosystem Assessments, pp.30-33

, Juin, 2016.

A. Raoux, S. Tecchio, J. C. Dauvin, J. P. Pezy, S. Degraer et al.,

J. F. Dambacher, Modelling impacts of offshore wind farms on trophic web: the Courseullessur-Mer case study, an example of cumulated impacts, MSEAS, 2016.

S. Tecchio, A. Raoux, J. C. Dauvin, P. Galichon, and N. Niquil, Dynamic simulations of the Seine estuary food web: Towards a holistic and integrated approach of management scenarios on ecosystem functioning, MSEAS, pp.30-33, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01709301

, Juin, 2016.

A. Raoux, S. Tecchio, J. P. Pezy, S. Degraer, D. Wilhelmsson et al., Benthic and fish aggregation inside an offshore wind farm: Which effects on the trophic web functioning? 28 ème young oceanographers forum, 2016.

A. Raoux, J. P. Pezy, J. C. Dauvin, S. Tecchio, S. Degraer et al., Modelling impacts of offshore wind farms on trophic web: the Courseulles-sur-Mer case study, EGU General Assembly, pp.17-22, 2016.

A. Raoux, J. P. Pezy, J. C. Dauvin, and N. Niquil, Modelling impacts of offshore wind farms on trophic webs: the Le Tréport and Courseulles-sur-Mer cases studies

, Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments, ICES meeting, 14-18 Mars, 2016.

N. Niquil, S. Tecchio, C. Le-guen, J. C. Dauvin, G. De-roton et al., Approche multicritère de l'état de santé des écosystèmes estuariens : exemple de la Seine, Colloques biennal des zones ateliers, pp.14-15, 2015.

A. Raoux, J. P. Pezy, J. C. Dauvin, and N. Niquil, Ecosystem Approach of Marine Renewable Energy: Study of the impact on the food web of the construction and operation of two Offshore Wind Farms in the English Channel and cumulative impacts

, Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments, ICES meeting 20-24 th Avril, 2015.

A. Raoux, G. Lassalle, J. P. Pezy, S. Tecchio, G. Safi et al., An ecosystem approach of Marine Renewable Energies management: The potential effects of Offshore Wind Farms on ecosystem structure and functioning, 2017.

C. Le-guen, S. Tecchio, J. C. Dauvin, G. De-roton, J. Lobry et al., Assessing the ecological status of an estuarine ecosystem: Linking biodiversity and food-web indicators, 2017.

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, S. Marmin, P. Bailay, and J. C. Dauvin, Short-term response of subtidal soft-bottom community to dredge deposit of spoil estuarine sediment supports the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, 2017.

A. Raoux, J. M. Dambacher, J. P. Pezy, C. Mazé, J. C. Dauvin et al., Assessing cumulative socio-ecological impacts of offshore wind farm development in the Bay of Seine, Marine Policy, vol.89, pp.11-20, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01691973

A. Raoux, S. Tecchio, J. P. Pezy, S. Degraer, D. Wilhelmsson et al.,

G. Lassalle, C. Leguen, K. Grangeré, F. Le-loch, J. C. Dauvin et al., Benthic and fish aggregation inside an offshore wind farm: Which effects on the trophic web functioning? Ecological Indicators, vol.72, pp.33-46, 2017.

J. P. Pezy, A. Raoux, S. Marmin, P. Bailay, N. Niquil et al., Before-After analysis of the trophic network of an experimental dumping site from the eastern part of the Bay of Seine, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.118, pp.101-111, 2017.

S. Tecchio, A. Chaalali, A. Raoux, A. Tous-rius, J. Lequesne et al., Evaluating ecosystem-level anthropogenic impacts in a stressed transitional environment: The case of the Seine estuary, Ecological Indicators, vol.61, pp.833-845, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01483254

C. Linard, Y. Gueguen, J. Moriceau, C. Soyez, B. Hui et al., Calcein staining of calcified structures in pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera and the effect of food resource level on shell growth, Aquaculture, vol.313, pp.149-155, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00587199