F. Chauvaud, Une histoire des noyés et de la noyade de l'Antiquité à nos jours, 2007.

, On the topic of death and injury, see L. Capdevila and D. Voldman, Nos morts. Les sociétés occidentales face aux tués de la guerre, 2002.

A. Rasmussen, More generally, see W. Bruyère-Ostells, 'Bilan historiographique et limites de l'approche purement historienne de la violence de guerre au XIXe siècle, Une histoire de la guerre: Du XIXe à nos jours, vol.15, pp.249-59, 2017.

, joint research group project between the Institut d'Études Avancées de l'université de Strasbourg (USIAS) (University of Strasbourg Institute of Advanced Studies) and the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, 1920.

Y. Lequin, La mort industrielle, Les malheurs du temps. Histoire des éaux et des calamités en France, pp.477-94, 1987.

J. Fressoz, L. 'apocalypse-joyeuse, and ;. T. Le-roux, Une histoire du risque technologique, vol.249, pp.3-20, 2012.

G. Clavandier, La mort collective: Pour une sociologie des catastrophes, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00662571

, My thanks go to the curator of the Toulon branch of the Service historique de la Défense (Defence Historical Service) for this information

, Rapport de la commission nommée par le vice-amiral commandant en chef la 2e escadre pour rechercher les causes de l' explosion de la Liberté

H. Gazeau, Relation médicale de l' explosion de la Liberté' , Archives de médecine et pharmacie navales, vol.99, pp.5-36, 1913.

. Clavandier, , pp.66-80

, Collectively, these boats are known as a military ship's drome in French. They can be either on the ship itself or docked in port

, On 23 September 1910 the international convention for the 'uni cation of certain rules on maritime assistance and rescue' ended in Brussels. For more on the history of this topic, see P. Louvier, 'Projection d'in uence: l'action humanitaire de la marine française au XIXe siècle, vol.114, pp.45-66, 2017.

A. Hesnard, Les troubles nerveux et psychiques consécutifs aux catastrophes navales, vol.18, p.142, 1914.

, Other examples include the explosions of the armoured frigate Magenta in 1875, the gunpowder magazine at Lagoubran in 1899, those that took place in 1906, 1907 and 1908 on board the battleship La Couronne and that of a turret of the battle cruiser Latouche-Tréville in 1909, the shipwrecks of the submarines Farfadet (1905) and Lutin (1906), as well as the groundings of the battle cruisers Sully, 1905.

, Human Remains and Violence, vol.5, pp.91-109, 2019.

M. Guérout, J. Laporte, and L. Magenta, Du naufrage à la redécouverte (1875-1995, 2018.

, Commission d' enquête, p.1566

, Statistique médicale de la Marine, p.72

L. République and . Var, See also F. Caille, La gure du sauveteur. Naissance du citoyen secoureur en France, 1911.

L. Figaro, , 1911.

. Shd-mv,

. Service-historique-de-la-défense, archives de la Marine conservées à Toulon (Defence Historical Service, navy archives kept at Toulon) (henceforth SHD-MT), 1F2 2, letter no. 400 from Chief Doctor Ambiel, director of the medical service, 1911.

L. République and . Var, Relation médicale, p.22, 1911.

, La santé des soldats entre guerre et paix, 1830-1930, Le Mouvement social, vol.257, p.4, 2016.

. Shd-mt, , 1911.

. Ibid,

. Shd-mt, 1F1 112, directive from the minister of the navy to the vice-admiral, naval prefect of the port of Toulon, 1911.

J. De-préneuf, Mentalités et comportements religieux des o ciers de marine sous la Troisième République, pp.600-601, 2007.

. Sdh-mt, 456 from Chief Doctor Ambiel, director of the medical service, to the admiral of the port of Toulon, 1911.

. Shd-mt, 391 from Chief Doctor Ambiel, director of the medical service, to the admiral of the port of Toulon, 1911.

. Shd-mt, 218 from Chief Doctor Ambiel, director of the medical service, to the admiral of the port of Toulon, 1912.

. Shd-mt, on the condition of those most seriously wounded in the explosion of the Liberté, as established by Chief Doctor Ambiel, 1912.

. Shd-mt, 1F1 113, directive from the minister of the navy to the vice-admiral, naval prefect of the port of Toulon, 1912.

. Sdh-mt, 1F1 112, directive from the minister of the navy to the naval prefect of the port of Toulon, 1911.

W. Serman, Épouser un gendarme ou épouser la gendarmerie? Les femmes de gendarmes entre contrôle matrimonial et contrôle social, Les o ciers français dans la nation, vol.20, pp.123-157, 1982.

. Shd-mt, 1415, from the Service central des travaux hydrauliques (Central Service for Hydraulic Engineering) to the naval prefect of the port of Toulon, 1911.

. Gazeau, Relation médicale, p.18

. Shd-mv, , 1911.

. Gazeau, Relation médicale, p.25

. Bibliothèque-nationale-de-france, henceforth BNF), department of prints and photography, Roll, 17145; SHD-MV, 231 GG 2 1, photographic plates 37-55 and 56-75

, This story was reported for example by Le Petit Journal on 26 September 1911 and by La Croix on 27, 1911.

, Examples include articles printed in the 26 September editions of the following daily newspapers

L. Figaro, , 1911.

. Gazeau, Relation médicale, pp.12-13

. Ibid, , vol.26

, Statement from auxiliary reman Vinciguerra (Commission d' enquête, p.1588

, Witness statement from certi ed reman Porchat, p.1597

. Gazeau, Relation médicale, p.28

, Witness statement from rst ensign gunner Mathieu (Commission d' enquête, p.1580

. Gazeau, Relation médicale, p.27

M. Turbiaux, Un psychiatre-psychanalyste à l' ombre des épées. Angelo Hesnard (1886-1969), médecin de la Marine, neuro-psychiatre, psychologue, hygiéniste, vol.504, pp.553-68, 2009.

L. Crocq, Les traumatismes psychiques de guerre, pp.223-227, 1999.

. Hesnard, Les troubles nerveux et psychiques, p.141

M. Derrien, Éliminer ou récupérer? L'armée française face aux fous du début du XXe siècle à la Grande Guerre, Le Mouvement Social, vol.253, pp.13-29, 2015.

, Percentage calculated using Statistique médicale de la Marine, p.72

. Shd-mv, BB3 1332, telegram no. 83151 from the admiral in charge of the Patrie to Marine Paris, 1911.

. Shd-mv, BB8 2014, report of the missing signed by Captain Fatou, captain of the battle cruiser Léon Gambetta, 1911.

L. Petit and V. , , 1911.

L. Petit and V. , , 1911.

. Gazeau, Relation médicale, p.23

. Shd-mv, , vol.245, p.3

. Gazeau, Relation médicale, p.23

. Shd-mv and . Bb8, 5883 from the naval prefecture of the port of Toulon to Marine Paris, 1912.

L. Matin, , 1922.

, Human Remains and Violence, vol.5, pp.91-109, 2019.

. Shd-mt, 1F3 2, order nos. 221 bis and 234 from the General Sta to the naval prefecture of the port of Toulon, 1911.

, Europeana collections

. Shd-mt, 1034 from the naval prefect of the port of Toulon, 1911.

, BNF, department of prints and photography, Roll, p.17194

. Shd-mt, 1F3 2, order no. 1037 from vice-admiral Marin-Darbel, 1911.

S. For-example-le-petit and . Var, , 1911.

O. Cosson and P. La-grande-guerre, L' armée française et la guerre russo-japonaise (1899-1914, 2013.

. Shd-mv, BB8 2014, report of the 5th company of the Maritime Gendarmerie on the burial of ve bodies from the wreckage of the Liberté, of which only two could be identi, 1912.

. Shd-mv and . Bb8, 1569 from the public prosecutor at the Court of Appeal in Aix to the minister of the navy, 1912.

, Calculation made using SHD-MT, 1F2 3, report on the number of victims of the Liberté disaster, 1912.

V. Capdevila, Nos morts, p.53

. Shd-mt, , 1911.

. Shd-mt, 1F1 113, telegram from the minister of the navy to the naval prefect of the port of Toulon, 1912.

. Shd-mt, from the minister of the naval prefecture of the port of Toulon to the mayor of Toulon, 1911.

, Documents about this are kept both at Vincennes (SHD-MV, BB8 1800 et BB7 155) and Toulon (SHD-MT 2A7 286 et 2A7 287)

M. Préneuf and . Religieux, , pp.632-637

, editions of the daily socialist republican newspaper Le Petit Var and of La Croix, 1911.

J. De-préneuf, La politique de républicanisation de la Marine à la Belle époque, vol.14, pp.29-60, 2011.

, Action française, 1911.

X. Boniface, L. 'armée, . Église, and . La-république, , pp.1870-1914, 2012.

. Clavandier, , pp.66-80

. Shd-mt, 2A3 589, telegram no. 2479, from Vice-Admiral Auvert to Marine Paris, 1911.

. Shd-mv, , vol.2, 1911.

L. Petit and J. , , 1911.

. Shd-mt, 1F3 2, order no. 1069 from the naval prefecture of the port of Toulon, 1911.

, Human Remains and Violence, vol.5, pp.91-109, 2019.

, Downloaded from manchesterhive

. Shd-mt, 402 from Chief Doctor Ambiel, director of the medical service, to the vice-admiral, naval prefect of the port of Toulon, 1911.

. Shd-mt, , 1911.

. Shd-mt, 1F1 112, directive from the minister of the navy to the naval prefects of all naval arrondissements, 1911.

. Ibid,

. Shd-mt, Topped with a cross, this monument in Lagoubran cemetery is adorned with plaques providing details about the explosion and explaining that the grave, 1912.

. Shd-mt, , 1911.

. Shd-mt, , vol.12, 1912.

M. Perry, Vive la France! Death at Sea, the French Navy and the Great War, French History, vol.26, pp.344-66, 2012.

J. Bruneau, La marine française dans la Grande Guerre à l' épreuve de la littérature, vol.20, pp.157-75, 2015.

F. Caille, &. L'héroïsme-Écran-de-la, and M. Technologique, La célébration du courage civil dans l'accident industriel ou productif au XIXe siècle, Risques industriels. Savoirs, régulations, politiques d' assistance n XVIIe-début XXe siècle, pp.227-54, 2016.

, Accidents industriels et régulation des risques: l' explosion de la poudrerie de Grenelle en 1794' , Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, vol.58, pp.34-62, 2011.