C. Chapeau, J. Gutkowska, P. W. Schiller, R. W. Milne, and R. Thibault,

J. Garcia, M. Genest, and . Cantin, Localizat.ion of immunoreactive synthetic atrial natriuretic factor iANiF) in the heart of various animal species, J. Histochem. Cytochem, pp.33541-550, 1986.

V. M. Chenault, M. Morris, C. D. Lynch, S. J. Maultsby, and P. M. Hutchins, Neurohumoral responses to isohemic hypervolemia: A model for weightlessness, The Physiologist, vol.34, p.236, 1991.

K. W. Chiu, Y. C. Lee, P. K. Pang-;-rho, K. W. , S. H. Kim et al., Renal and hormonal responses to atrial natriuretic peptide and turtle atrial extract in the freshwater turtle Amyda japonica, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol, vol.78, pp.139-145, 1988.

M. E. Crandall and C. M. Cregg, In vitro evidence for an inhibitory effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on vasopressin release. Neuroendocrinology 44, p.439445, 1986.

W. Debinski, J. Gutkowska, K. Kuchel, N. T. Racz, and . Buu, , p.6

. Genest, ANF-like pcptide(s) in the peripheral autonomic nervous system, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.134, pp.279-284, 1986.

D. W. Duff and K. H. Olson, Trout vascular and renal responses to atrial natriuretic factor and heart extracts, Am. J. Physiol, vol.251, pp.639-642, 19861.

H. J. Duncan, W. T. Nickell, M. T. Shipley, and R. C. Gesteland, Organization of projections from the olfactory epithelium to olfactory bulb in the frog Ranapzpiens, J. Comp. Neurol, pp.299299-311, 1990.

W. G. Forssmann and V. Mutt, Cardiodilatin-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of Tupaia, Anat. Embryol, vol.172, issue.5, 1985.

U. H. Geiger, M. Bahner, C. Palkovits, E. Hugo, A. Niklas et al., Atrial natriu retic peptide in brain preoptic areas: Implication for fluid and salt homeostasis, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol, vol.13, pp.20-23, 1989.

J. Gutkowska, G. Thibault, P. Januszewicz, M. Cantin, and J. Genest, Direct radioimmunoassay of atrial natriuretic factor, Biochem. Biophys. k s . Commun, vol.116, pp.696-703, 1984.

T. Hirohama, H. Uemura, S. Nakanrura, and T. Aotn, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANF)-immunoreactivity of cardiocytes in fish, Zuol. Sci, pp.5333-846, 1988.

D. M. Jacobowitz, G. Skofitsch, H. R. Keiser, K. L. Eskay, and N. Zamir, Evidence for the existence of atrial natriurctic factor-containing neurons in the rat brain, Neuroendocrinology, vol.4, pp.92-94, 1985.

M. Kawata, K. Nakao, N. Morii, Y. Kiso, H. Yamashita et al.,

. Sano, Atrial natriuretic polypeptide: Topographical distribution in the rat brain by radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry, Neuroscience, vol.16, pp.521-546, 1985.

K. A. Kirsch, L. Rocker, O. H. Gauer, R. Krause, C. I. Each et al.,

. Landry, Venous pressure in man during weightlessness, pp.225218-219, 19841.

K. Kojima, N. Minamino, K. Kangawa, and H. Matsuo, Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor for rat brain natriuretic peptide, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.159, pp.1420-1426, 1989.

M. Lamacz, P. Netchitailo, M. C. Tonon, M. Feuilloley, N. Ling et al., Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) stimulates the release of a-MSH from frog neurointermediate lobes in vitro: Interaction with dopamine, GABA and neuropeptide Y, Life Sci, vol.40, pp.1853-1857, 1987.

M. Lamacz, C. Hindelang, M. C. Tonon, H. Vaudry, and .. E. Stoeckel, Three distinct thyrotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive axonal systems project in the median eminence-pituitary complex of the frog Rana rzdibunda. lmmunocytochemical evidence for co-localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and niesotocin in fibers innervating pars intermedia cells, Neuroscience, vol.324, pp.51-55, 1989.

R. E. Lang, H. Thblken, D. Ganten, F. C. Luft, H. Ruskuaho et al., Atrial natriuretic factor: A circulating hormone stimulated by volume loading, Nature, vol.314, pp.264-266, 1985.

G. Lazar and T. Kovicz, Morphology of neurons and axon terminals associated with descending and ascending pathways of the lateral forebrain bundle in Rana esculentu, Cell Tissue Res, vol.260, pp.535-548, 1990.

C. Lazure, H. Ong, N. Mcnicull, P. Netchitailo, M. Chretien et al., The amino acid sequences of frog heart atrial natriuretic-like peptide and mammalian ANF are closely related, FEBS Lett, vol.238, pp.300-306, 1988.

F. Leboulenger, P. Leroux, C. Delarue, M. Tonon, and Y. P. Charnay,

D. H. Dubois, H. Coy, and . Vaudn, Co-localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and enkephalins in chrom&n cells of the adrenal gland of amphibia: Stimulation of corticosteroid production by VIP, Life Sci, pp.32375-383, 1983.

T. Masino and P. Grobstein, Tectal connectivity in the frog Rana pipiens: tectotegmental aroiections and a general analvsis of touomauhic ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by grants from CNRS (URA 6501, 19901.

A. C. Andersen, M. C. Tonon, G. Pelletier, J. M. Conlon, A. Fasolo et al., Neuropeptides in the amphihian brain, Int. Rev. Cytol, vol.134, pp.89-209, 1992.

H. S. Caine and E. R. Gruberg, Ahlation of nucleus isthmi leads to loss of specific visually elicited behaviors in the frog R~r~a p i p i e~, Neurosci. Lett, vol.54, pp.307-312, 1985.

L. D. Caren and S. M. Scibetta, Space physiology, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, vol.13, pp.140-153, 1987.

J. A. Carr and D. O. Norris, lmmunohistochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor-and arginine vasotocin-like immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) during development and metamorphosis, Gen. Comp. Endo, 1990.

E. T. Mannix, M. O. Farher, G. R. Aronoff, P. Palange, and F. Manfredi, , 1991.

, Hemodynamic, renal and hormonal responses to lower body positive pressure, The Physiologist, vol.34241

J. D. Miller, B. A. Mcmillen, M. M. Mcconnaughey, H. L. Williams, and C. A. Fuller, Effects of microgravity on brain neurotransmitter receptors, Eur. J. Pharmacol, vol.161, pp.168-171, 1989.

N. Morii,

K. H. Nakao, S. Itoh, . T. Shiono, A. Yamada, . Sugawamy et al., Atrial natriuretic polypeptide in spinal cord and autonomic ganglia, Biochem. Biuphys. Res. Commun, pp.145196-203, 1987.

P. Netchitailo, M. Feuilloley, G. Pelletrer, M. Cantin, A. De-lean et al., Localization and characterization of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-like peptide in the frog atrium, Peptides, vol.7, pp.573-579

P. Nctchitailo, M. Feuilloley, G. Pelletier, M. Cantin, F. Lehoulenger et al., Localization of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactive material in the hypothalamo-pituitary complex ofthe frog, Neurosci. Lett, vol.72, pp.141-146, 1986.

P. Netchitailo, M. Feuilloley, G. F. Pelletier, M. Leboulenger, J. Cantin et al., Atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the frog, Neuroscience, vol.22, pp.341-359, 1987.

P. Nctchitailo, M. Feuilloley, G. Pelletier, A. De-lean, H. Ong et al., Localization and identification of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) in the frog ventricle, Peptides, vol.9, pp.1-6, 1988.

P. V. Nguyen, D. L. Smith, and H. H. Leenen, Acute volume loading, atrial natriuretic peptide release and cardiac function in healthy men: Effects of beta-blockade, Life Sci, vol.43, pp.821-830, 1988.

R. G. Northcutt and E. Kicliter, Organization of the amphibian telencephalon, Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon, pp.203-255, 1980.

A. Oksche and M. Ueek, The nervous system, B. Lofts (cd): Physiology of the Amphihia, vol.3, pp.313-419, 1976.

. C. Poole,

D. A. Carter, S. L. Vallejo, and . Lightman, Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits the stimulated in uztro and zn v i m release of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat, J. Endocrinol, vol.112, pp.97-102, 1987.

D. A. Price, K. E. Doble, T. D. Lee, S. M. Galli, B. M. Dunn et al., The sequencing, synthesis and biological actions of an ANP-like peptide isolated from the brain of the killifish Funo'ulus heteroclztus, Biol. Bull, vol.178, pp.279-285, 1990.

R. Quirion, M. Dalpe, A. De-lean, J. Gutkowska, M. Cantin et al., Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) binding sites in brain and related structures, Peptides, vol.5, pp.1167-1172, 1984.

M. M. Reinecke, G. Nehls, and . Forssmann, Phylogenetic aspects of cardiac hormones as revealed by immunocytochemistry, electronmicroscopy, and bioassay, Peptides, vol.6, pp.321-331, 1985.

M. Reinecke, D. Betzler, and W. G. Forssmann, Immunocytochemistry of cardiac polypeptide hormones (cardiodilatiniatrial natriuretic polypeptide) in brain and heart of Myxzne glutznosa (Cydostoniata), 1987.

, Histochemistry, vol.86, pp.233-239

P. Rohmeiss, G. Demmert, R. Rettig, and T. Unger, Centrally administered atrial natriuretic factor inhibits central angiotensininduced natriuresis, Brain Res, vol.502, pp.198-203, 1989.

J. Sakata, K. Kangawa, and H. Matsuo, Identification of new atrial nacriuretic peptides in frog heart, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.155, pp.133-1345, 1988.

C. B. Saper, D. G. Standaert, M. G. Currie, D. Schwartz, D. M. Geller et al., Atriopeptin-immunoreactive neurons in the brain: Presence in cardiovascular regulatory areas, Science, vol.227, pp.1047-1049, 1985.

N. G. Seidah, C. Lamre, M. Chretien, G. Thibault, R. Garcia et al., Veber 11984) Amino-acid sequence of homologous rat atrial peptides: Natriuretic activity of native and synthetic forms, Proc. h'atl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, vol.81, pp.2640-2644

K. H. Seul, J. K. Park, B. O. Park, S. H. Kim, and K. W. Cho, Effects of acceleration stress on the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide IANP) in rats, The Physiologist, vol.34, p.224, 1991.

M. A. Sills, K. Q. Nguyen, and D. M. Jacohowitz, Increases in heart, rate and blood pressure produced by microinjections of atrial natriuretic factor into the AV3Vregion of the rat brain, Peptides, vol.6, pp.1037-1042, 1985.

G. Skofitsch and D. M. ,

R. L. Jacohowitz, N. Eskay, and . Zamir, Distribution of atrial natriuret.ic factor-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain, Neuroscience, vol.16, pp.917-948, 1985.

G. Skofitsch and D. M. Jacohowitz, Atrial natriuretic peptide in the central nervous system of the rat, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol, vol.8, pp.339-391, 1988.

U. G. Standaert, P. Needleman, and C. B. Saper, Organization of atriopeptin-like immunoreactive neurons in the central n e i~o u s system of the rat, J. Comp. Neurol, vol.253, p.315341, 1986.

L. Steardo and J. A. Nathanson, Brain barrier tissues: end organs for atriopeptins, Science, vol.235, p.470473, 1987.

T. Sudoh,

K. Kangawa, N. Minamino, and H. Matsuo, A new natriuretic peptide in porcine brain, Nature, pp.3329-80, 1988.

T. ?. Sudoh, M. Maekawa, . N. Kujima, K. Minamino, H. Kangawa et al., Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA cncoding a precursor for human brain natriuretic peptide, Biuchcm. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.159, pp.1427-1434, 1989.

Y. Takei, A. Takahashi, T. X. Watanahe, K. Nakajima, and S. Sakakihara, Amino acid sequence and relative biological activity of eel atrial natriuretic peptide, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, pp.164537-543, 1989.

Y. Takei, H. Tamaki, and K. Ando, Identification and partial characterization of immunoreactive and bioactive atrial natriuretic peptide from eel heart, J. Comp. Physiol, vol.160, pp.119-126, 1990.

Y. Takei, A. Takahashi, T. X. Watanabc, N. Nakajima, S. Sakakibara et al., Amino acid sequence and relative biological activity of natriuretic peptide isolated from eel brain, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, vol.170, pp.883-891, 1990.

Y. Takei and T. X. Watanabc, Vasodepressor effect of atrial natriuretic peptides in the quail Cotrcminjaponica, Zool. Sci, vol.7, pp.435-441, 1990.

G. Takemura, H. Fujiwara, M. Mukoyama, Y. Saito, M. Matsuda et al.,

C. Fujiwara and . Kawai, Immunohistochemical localization and semi-quantification of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANPI in formalin-ti~ed-parrafin-embedded normal human hearts, J. Circul. J, vol.53, pp.686-694, 1989.

G. Thihault, C. Lazure, L. Schiffrin, J. Gutkowska, L. Chartier et al., Identification of a biologically active circulating form of rat atrial natriuretic factor, Biochern. Biophys. Res. Cummun, vol.130, pp.981-986, 1985.

G. Thibault, K. Garcia, J. Gutkowska, J. Bilodeau, C. Lazure et al., The propcptide Asn1-Tyrlz6 is the storage form of rat atrial natriuretic factor, Biochem. J, vol.241, pp.265-272, 1987.

Y. Tong, P. Netchitailo, F. Lehoulenger, H. Vaudry, and G. Pelletier, Localization of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) binding sites in the central nervo~is system of the frog, J. Comp. Neurol, vol.283, pp.384-396, 19891.

H. Toshimori, K. Toshimori, C. Oura, and H. Matsuo, Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry of atrial natriuretic polypeptide in porcine heart, Histochemistry, vol.86, pp.595-601, 1987.

H. Toshimori, K. Toshimori, C. Oura, H. Matsuo, and S. Matsukura, The distribution of atrial natriuretic polypeptide (ANPI-containing cells in the adult rat heart, Anat. Embryol. 177~477484, 1988.

H. Ucmura, M. Naruse, T. Horohama, S. Nakamura, and T. Aoto, , 1989.

, Immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in the heart and plasma of the toad Bzcfo japonicus formosus during the breading season, Proc. Jpn. Acad, vol.65, pp.84-86

H. Uemura, M. T. Naruse, S. Hirohama, Y. Nakamura, T. Kasuya et al., Immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide in the fish heart and blood plasma examined by electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay, Cell Tissue Res, vol.260, pp.335-247, 1990.

H. Uemura, M. Naruse, Y. Takei, S. Nakamura, T. Hirohama et al., Auto (1 9911 Immunoreactive and bioactive atrial natriuretic peptide in t.he carp heart, Zool. Sci, vol.8, pp.885-891

M. Vallarino,

M. Feuilloley, J. Gutkowska, M. Cantin, and H. Vaudry, Localization of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-related peptides in the central nervous system of the elasmohranch fish Scyliorhinus mnicula, Peptides, vol.11, pp.1175-1181, 1990.

F. Vandesandc and K. Dierickx, Immunocytochemical demonstration of separate vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic neurons in the amphibian hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system, Cell. Tissue Res, vol.175, pp.289-296, 1976.

M. Wada, A. Urano, and A. Gorhman, A stereotaxic atlas for diencephalic nuclei of the frog Ranapipcens, Arch. Histol. Jpn, vol.43, pp.157-173, 1980.

A. B. Wcdcr, M. A. Sekkarie, M. Taki-yyuddin, N. J. Schork, and S. Julius, Antihypertensive and hypotensive effects of atrial natriuretic factor in men, pp.582-589, 1987.

C. Wcstmfelder, F. M. Birch, R. L. Baranowski, M. J. Rosenfeld, D. K. Shiozawa et al., Atrial natriuretic factor and salt adaptation in the teleost fish Gila ati-aria, Am. J. Physiol, pp.255-1281, 1988.

A. Yoshibara, . ?1, N. Kozawa, K. Minamino, H. Kangawa et al., Isolation and sequence determination of frog C-type natriuretic peptide, Riochem. Biophys. Res. Cornmun, vol.173, pp.591-598, 19901.